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Introduction / Background

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Title Date Added
  • Update on fly ash in the US, April 2023This link opens in a new window Item Type Magazine Article Author David Perilli URL https://www.globalcement.com/news/item/15657-update-on-fly-ash-in-the-us-april-2023 Publication Global Cement Date 2023-04-26 Accessed 2023-04-27 15:19:14 Language English Abstract Update on fly ash in the US, April 2023 Apr 27, 2023
  • The Convoluted Tale of U.S. Coal Ash Management (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Blog Post Author Kennedy Maize URL https://www.powermag.com/the-convoluted-tale-of-u-s-coal-ash-management/ Date 2021-12-01T05:08:58+00:00 Accessed 2022-01-25 21:46:05 Language en-US Abstract Sometime around midnight on Dec. 22, 2008, a dike at the coal ash dewatering pond for the Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA’s) 1,400-MW Kingston power Blog Title POWER Magazine Mar 27, 2023
  • A Comprehensive Survey of Coal Ash Law And Commercialization: Its Environmental Risks, Disposal Regulation, And Beneficial Use Markets (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Maria Seidler Author Ken Malloy Author National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners URL https://pubs.naruc.org/pub/A6923B2D-155D-0A36-31AA-045B741819EC Pages 94 Date 2020 Accessed 2022-01-13 21:24:27 Abstract This white paper, A Comprehensive Survey of Coal Ash Law and Commercialization: Its Environmental Risks, Disposal Regulation, and Beneficial Use Markets (Comprehensive Survey) was commissioned by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) under a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in response to a major rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Final Rule (Final Rule) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 17, 2015,1 on coal ash disposal and remediation of disposal sites, which has significant implications to states. It subjects state environmental agencies and public utility commissions to regulatory responsibilities to implement federal regulations under the Final Rule and oversee the cost implications on electric customers. Members of the NARUC Subcommittee on Clean Coal and Carbon Management, along with DOE and NARUC staff and other state public utility commissioners, helped to conceptualize and guide this resource as a tool to assist state public utility commissions in understanding markets, regulations, and policy relevant to coal ash, including recent EPA rulemakings. Mar 27, 2023
  • Characteristics and applications of fly ash as a sustainable construction material: A state-of-the-art review (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Gang Xu Author Xianming Shi URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092134491830140X Volume 136 Pages 95-109 Publication Resources, Conservation and Recycling ISSN 0921-3449 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbr Resources, Conservation and Recycling DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.010 Accessed 2022-01-17 20:36:38 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Due to their good performance and environmental friendliness, fly ash-based construction materials have great potential as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement. To realize sustainable development and beneficial use of fly ash in the construction industry, this paper presents a comprehensive review of relevant literature to evaluate the properties and performance of fly ash, with a particular focus on recent advances in characterization, compositional understanding, hydration mechanism, activation approaches, durability and sustainability of fly ash as a construction material. Several key aspects governing the performance of fly ash, including chemical composition, activator type and hydrates evolution in concrete, are highlighted. Finally, the important needs, pertinent to the optimal and broad utilization of fly ash as an integral part of sustainable construction materials, are identified for further research and development, where large-scale application studies, further classification of fly ash, advanced characterization tools and technology transfer to biomass fly ash are recommended. Short Title Characteristics and applications of fly ash as a sustainable construction material Mar 27, 2023
  • USGS Fact Sheet 076-01: Coal Combustion Products (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Document URL https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs076-01/fs076-01.html Publisher U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Date November 29, 2016 Accessed 2023-04-10 17:43:28 Abstract Coal-burning powerplants, which supply more than half of U.S. electricity, also generate coal combustion products, which can be both a resource and a disposal problem. The U.S. Geological Survey collaborates with the American Coal Ash Association in preparing its annual report on coal combustion products (Kalyoncu, 2000). This Fact Sheet answers questions about present and potential uses of coal combustion products. Apr 10, 2023
  • A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash (2015)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Z. T. Yao Author X. S. Ji Author P. K. Sarker Author J. H. Tang Author L. Q. Ge Author M. S. Xia Author Y. Q. Xi URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214002219 Volume 141 Pages 105-121 Publication Earth-Science Reviews ISSN 0012-8252 Date February 1, 2015 Journal Abbr Earth-Science Reviews DOI 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.016 Accessed 2022-01-26 23:13:18 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Coal fly ash, an industrial by-product, is derived from coal combustion in thermal power plants. It is one of the most complex anthropogenic materials, and its improper disposal has become an environmental concern and resulted in a waste of recoverable resources. There is a pressing and ongoing need to develop new recycling methods for coal fly ash. The present review first describes the generation, physicochemical properties and hazards of coal fly ash at the global level, and then focuses on its current and potential applications, including use in the soil amelioration, construction industry, ceramic industry, catalysis, depth separation, zeolite synthesis, etc. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these applications, the mode of fly ash utilization worldwide and directions for future research are considered. Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal ash disposal manual (1979)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report URL https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5310803 Date 1979/12/01 Extra DOI: 10.2172/5310803 Accessed 2022-01-31 17:29:34 Institution GAI Consultants, Inc., Monroeville, PA (USA) Library Catalog www.osti.gov Language English Abstract Of the approximately 70 million tons of fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag produced by United States utilities in 1978, only 24% was used. The rest was placed in storage or disposal areas. This manual was developed to provide reference information for ash disposal. It is intended to aid in the selection and operation of ash disposal systems with respect to cost considerations and current governmental regulations by furnishing specific disposal criteria, where available, and by outlining methodologies for decision making and cost estimating. Specific topics covered include site selection methodology; ash physical and chemical properties; current disposal philosophies; possible governmental regulations affecting new ash disposal sites; conceptual design of ash disposal systems and estimates of ash quantities; case studies of existing ash disposal sites; monitoring; site reclamation; and cost estimating. References covering these topics and ash disposal site design are included. Report Number EPRI-FP-1257 Mar 27, 2023
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Technical Issues

Tips:

  • Publication year of article is denoted in parentheses after the article title.
  • Click on the title to go into the Coal Combustion Products Zotero Group Library (ZGL).
  • Click on the URL from the ZGL record or double-click on an article title in the ZGL to get to full-text access options at the publishers' website.
Title Date Added
  • Wet storage effects on fly ash properties relevant to its use in air-entrained concrete (2023)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Michael J. McCarthy Author Thomas A. Hope Author Laszlo J. Csetenyi URL https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jmacr.21.00070 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 149-162 Publication Magazine of Concrete Research ISSN 0024-9831 Date 2023-02 Extra Publisher: ICE Publishing DOI 10.1680/jmacr.21.00070 Accessed 2023-03-14 20:23:08 Library Catalog icevirtuallibrary.com (Atypon) Abstract With the retirement of coal-fired power stations, wet-stored stockpile fly ash is increasingly receiving attention for use in concrete. An important consideration for dry fly ash in this application is its impact on air entrainment, which can be affected by unburnt carbon present, influencing bubble stability and air-entraining admixture (AEA) dose requirements. Preliminary tests suggest wet storage can influence the process and the present study examined this for laboratory-moistened and stockpile fly ashes. The research indicated that chemical processes lead to product formation on particle surfaces and increases in loss-on-ignition in the material. Agglomeration of fly ash also occurred with wet storage, developing with time. While median particle size and specific surface area (by nitrogen (N2) adsorption) of fly ash increased, both foam index and Acid Blue 80 adsorption were less with wet storage. Mortar tests mainly gave increased air content at fixed AEA dose for material held under these conditions. The data suggest admixture accessibility to wet-stored fly ash particles influenced behaviour and this increased with the breakdown of particle agglomerates (by grinding). Some influences of particle surface chemistry on the process were also found. A pilot-scale processing trial with stockpile fly ash gave general agreement with effects observed in the laboratory. Mar 27, 2023
  • Reactivity Evaluation of Harvested Class C Fly Ash (2022)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Anfal Alaibani Author Kyle A. Riding URL https://www.astm.org/acem20210161.html Volume 11 Issue 2 Pages 694-715 Publication Advances in Civil Engineering Materials ISSN 2379-1357 Date 2022/11/28 Extra Publisher: ASTM International Journal Abbr Adv. Civ. Eng. Matls. DOI 10.1520/ACEM20210161 Accessed 2023-03-16 19:07:55 Library Catalog www.astm.org Language en-US Abstract Unused Class C fly ash has been disposed of in large impoundments or landfills for many decades. Reclamation and use of this material in concrete could provide a solution to environmental challenges and alleviate shortages of fresh fly ash in some locations. This research study investigated beneficiation and the use of harvested Class C fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) at different replacement percentages of portland cement. The reactivities of three different sources of harvested Class C fly ash were evaluated with different amounts of grinding at low and high temperature curing. Isothermal calorimetry, the R3 method, strength activity index, the modified lime-pozzolan strength test, thermogravimetric analysis, and quantitative x-ray diffraction were used to analyze the physicochemical, mineralogical, and hydration kinetics properties of the harvested ashes. While harvested Class C fly ash showed great potential for use in concrete as an SCM, limits on loss on ignition may be helpful in limiting the calcium carbonate content and giving good performance at temperatures higher than laboratory temperatures. Mar 27, 2023
  • Influence of wet storage on fly ash reactivity and processing for use in concrete (2022)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Michael J. McCarthy Author Thomas A. Hope Author Laszlo J. Csetenyi URL https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jadcr.21.00105 Volume 34 Issue 10 Pages 427-442 Publication Advances in Cement Research ISSN 0951-7197 Date 2022-10 Extra Publisher: ICE Publishing DOI 10.1680/jadcr.21.00105 Accessed 2023-03-14 20:21:06 Library Catalog icevirtuallibrary.com (Atypon) Abstract Wet stored fly ash is increasingly being considered as a cement component in concrete. However, the effect of these conditions on the material's reactivity is uncertain. The research described here investigated this property for wet laboratory-stored (10% moisture) and site stockpile fly ashes, using lime consumption (BS EN 196-5, Frattini) and activity index (BS EN 450-1) tests. Progressive reactivity losses occurred with laboratory storage up to 730 days. This was influenced by dry fly ash fineness and holding period, suggesting that the formation of agglomerates/products (assessed by scanning electron microscopy) affects lime's access to particle surfaces, with similar type behaviour for stockpile materials. Compressive (cube) strength reductions were also found between dry and wet stored fly ash concretes. Stockpile fly ash reactivity following laboratory- (drying/ball milling) and pilot-scale (flash drying/de-agglomerating, air classifying, micronising and carbon removal) processing was then investigated. Exposure of reactive material using these methods appears to be important, with greater improvements generally noted as the fly ash particle size is reduced and at later test ages. To meet activity index requirements, fly ash sub-10 μm contents, with the Portland cement used, needed to exceed about 30%, irrespective of the storage conditions/processing used. Minor benefits to concrete strength were obtained with increasing sub-10 μm contents, particularly beyond 28 days. Mar 27, 2023
  • Literature Review on the Use of Harvested Coal Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material with Recommendations for ASTM C618 (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Douglas Hooton Author Michael Thomas URL https://acaa-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Harvested-fly-ash-Report-Oct-15-2021-rev-Oct-31.pdf Pages 47 Date 2021 Accessed 2023-03-15 Institution American Coal Ash Association Abstract Coal-fired power generation in the USA and in North America is diminishing. In some states, the amount of coal power production is diminishing rapidly and has already resulted in fly ash shortages and shortages are expected to become increasingly more severe. As a result, the availability of fly ash is also diminishing and this will result in a significant problem for concrete producers in terms of concrete durability and in reducing concrete’s carbon footprint. Without other significant commercially available sources of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in some parts of the USA, there is an urgent need to broaden the ASTM C618 specification to address the growing practice of using harvested fly ash stored in properly evaluated landfills or ponds. Landfilled fly ash is typically moistened with 10 to 15 % water and compacted in layers. When full, landfills are typically capped with soil or clay. Ponded fly ash is first slurried with water and then pumped into lagoons, which are later dewatered. In some cases, fly ash is stored separately as a monofill, but in many cases, bottom ash may be comingled with the fly ash in the coal ash landfill or lagoon. Mar 27, 2023
  • Evaluation and Beneficiation of Harvested and High Sulfur Fly Ash for Use in Concrete and Mitigation and Service Life Modelling of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Thesis Author Gopakumar Kaladharan URL https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577682907/abstract/2B1EF6D508394C5EPQ/1 Rights Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works. Place United States -- Pennsylvania Date 2021 Extra ISBN: 9798460448227 Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Accessed 2023-03-15 19:16:33 Library Catalog ProQuest Type Ph.D. Language English University The Pennsylvania State University Abstract Fly ash is the most commonly used supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete production today. In recent years, however, the quantity of freshly produced fly ash in the United States has declined by nearly 60% and this has caused a fly ash shortage to produce high-quality and durable concrete. To address this challenge, in the first part of this dissertation, alternative sources of fly ash including harvested and high sulfur/alkali fly ash were evaluated and suitable beneficiation strategies were identified to address challenges in their performance. The potential issues with using landfilled fly ash as a concrete pozzolan was summarized based on a literature review. Accordingly, a statistical sampling approach was developed to determine the viability of a given landfill as a pozzolan source and this approach was applied to a Class F fly ash landfill in Pennsylvania. Samples taken from the landfill were tested based on ASTM C618 requirements and statistical analyses were performed to determine the necessary beneficiation strategies to make the material viable for use as concrete pozzolan. Blended mortar and concrete mixtures incorporating the beneficiated fly ash were tested for slump, plastic and hardened air content, compressive strength, and mitigation of alkali-silica reaction (ASR). High sulfur and/or high alkali fly ashes are produced in coal-fuel power plants with semi-dry or dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems that produce fly ash comingled with FGD products. Such fly ashes do not meet the ASTM C618 SO3 content limit (5.0% max.) and may be unable to mitigate the ASR in concrete due to the high alkali content of the fly ash. The chemistry and mineralogy of the sulfur present in these ashes can vary significantly (e.g., CaSO4, CaSO3, Na2SO4) based on the FGD technology used and this in turn affects the performance of these fly ashes in cementitious systems. Thus, the single SO3 content limit prescribed by ASTM C618 is not sufficient to capture the complexity and performance of these fly ashes and this has resulted in elimination of potentially viable SCMs. In this research, the effect of these fly ashes on various concrete performance parameters such as workability (flow and flow retention), pore fluid pH, setting time, strength development, and potential for deleterious expansion were evaluated by considering both real and simulated fly ashes (i.e., by blending of specification-compliant fly ash with different sulfur compounds). While many measured properties of the resulting concretes were acceptable, poor performance was observed in the case of setting time and pore fluid pH with some fly ashes. In such cases, novel beneficiation strategies were devised and implemented to successfully address the problem. The second part of this dissertation addresses the mitigation of ASR in concrete and service life prediction of susceptible structures. A new generation of ASR-inhibiting chemical admixtures were developed for concrete. These admixtures, which are in the form of soluble inorganic and organic salts, are cheaper and more abundant than lithium admixtures, yet provide more consistency in terms of quality, supply, and performance in comparison with SCMs. A methodical approach was developed to identify such admixtures that primarily mitigate ASR by reducing the pH of concrete pore solution. The mechanism of pH reduction was identified and the set of criteria that a potential admixture must meet were developed. The suitable admixtures were screened using ASTM C1293 as a proof-of-concept. Additionally, the performance of these admixtures in concrete and mortar mixtures was extensively evaluated. The properties studied include flow, flow retention, concrete slump, plastic air content, setting time, compressive strength of mortar and concrete, pore fluid pH at 0, 7, 28, 90, and 180 days, formation factor (along with porosity and pore connectivity), and drying shrinkage. The admixtures were found to maintain the reduced pH in the long term and had minimal impact on workability, plastic air content, and strength. These admixtures may increase the pore connectivity of the system without increasing the porosity. Drying shrinkage was also found to be slightly higher when compared to ordinary portland cement (OPC), but within the limits specified by the ASTM standards. A final list of eight promising admixtures were identified. Finally, estimating the service life of structures affected by ASR is essential for effective investment of resources for maintenance, repair, or replacement of crucial infrastructure. Current ASR prediction models either do not consider all the important factors that impact the magnitude and rate of ASR progression or are too complicated to implement in practice. In this study, mini-mortar bar specimens were used to evaluate the development of ASR expansion using five evenly spaced levels of aggregate reactivity (ASTM C1293 1-year expansion value), pore solution pH, temperature, and moisture access. The experiments were designed using the response surface methodology and a quadratic regression model was used to relate the ASR expansion rate to the testing conditions. Further, a service life model was developed for predicting the time to failure (time when expansion reaches 0.04%) based on the concrete mix design and exposure conditions. The predictions of the developed model were in good agreement with the outdoor exposure blocks data available in literature. Overall, this dissertation addresses key challenges in improving the sustainability and durability of concrete. The evaluation and beneficiation protocol developed in this dissertation for the use of landfilled fly ash will hopefully encourage their use and ultimately increase the supply of fly ash available for producing high quality and green concrete. Additionally, the work done on high sulfur and/or high alkali fly ash will encourage more research into these materials and possibly lead to a re-evaluation of the current standard specifications that currently limit their use. The cheap and abundant admixtures developed for mitigation of ASR will provide the industry with a reliable strategy for addressing this durability challenge. Additionally, the service life model developed for ASR susceptible structures addresses the impact of the most important parameters and can be used for effective asset management. # of Pages 224 Mar 27, 2023
  • Material- and Site-Specific Partition Coefficients for Beneficial Use Assessments (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Nawaf I. Blaisi Author Kyle A. Clavier Author Justin G. Roessler Author Jaeshik Chung Author Timothy G. Townsend Author Souhail R. Al-Abed Author Jean-Claude J. Bonzongo Volume 53 Issue 16 Pages 9626-9635 Publication Environmental Science and Technology ISSN 0013936X Date 2019 Extra Publisher: American Chemical Society Journal Abbr Environmental Science and Technology DOI 10.1021/acs.est.9b01756 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract Partition coefficient (Kd) values available in the literature are often used in fate and transport modeling conducted as part of beneficial use risk assessments for industrial byproducts. Because element partitioning depends on soil properties as well as characteristics of the byproduct leachate, site-specific Kd values may lead to more accurate risk assessment. In this study, contamination risk to groundwater of beneficially reused byproducts was assessed using batch leaching tests on waste to energy bottom ash and coal combustion fly ash. Leachates were equilibrated with eight different soils to obtain the waste-soil-specific Kd,exp values for the metals of interest. The Kd,exp values were used as inputs in the Industrial Waste Management Evaluation Model to demonstrate the degree to which Kd estimates affect risk assessment outcomes. Measured Kd,exp values for the most part fell within the large range of Kd values reported in the literature, but IWEM results using default Kd values for some types of soils resulted in overestimated risk compared to those derived from Kd,exp values. Modeled concentration at the receptor location was much lower for some elements for those soils with high concentrations of iron and aluminum. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. Mar 27, 2023
  • Characterization of CCP impoundments to determine suitability for beneficial use (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Robert Erwin Author Ross Gorman Series 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Clean Coal-Based Energy/Fuels and the Environment, PCC 2019 Place Pittsburgh, PA, United states Publisher International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Date 2019 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The continuing decline of coal utilization has resulted in a limited supply of CCPs for beneficial use applications. In order to meet growing market demand and mitigate environmental risk, harvesting of impounded CCPs for beneficial use is becoming an increasingly desired solution. In order to fully evaluate the risks, beneficiation opportunities, and economic value of CCP ponds and landfills, the impoundments must be strategically characterized before harvesting. In this presentation, the methods by which a CCP impoundment can be characterized will be reviewed. In general, one of the first steps is engineering a sample plan informed by pond or landfill profile and any known historical data related to the development of the site. Test methods are then selected for the samples in order to evaluate material characteristics that impact specific beneficial use opportunities. Impoundment profiles are then generated to give a comprehensive understanding of the in-situ CCP material. 2019 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Clean Coal-Based Energy/Fuels and the Environment, PCC 2019. All rights reserved. Proceedings Title 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC 2019, September 3, 2019 - September 6, 2019 Mar 27, 2023
  • Reclaiming and recycling coal ash for beneficial use (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Bill Fedorka Series 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Clean Coal-Based Energy/Fuels and the Environment, PCC 2019 Place Pittsburgh, PA, United states Publisher International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Date 2019 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The availability of coal ash for the recycling markets continues to dwindle due to a reduction in coal fired generation. Currently 60% of coal ash generated in recycled in some form (concrete accounts for over 50%). Not all coal ash can be used in these markets without some form of beneficiation. Thermal Beneficiation can process ashes of almost any LOI and produces a high quality product for the concrete industry. Legacy material from impoundments and landfills can be a source of SCM for the concrete industry. When "Closure by Removal" is required, beneficiation may eliminate the necessity to re-bury coal ash in a new, lined landfill. 2019 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Clean Coal-Based Energy/Fuels and the Environment, PCC 2019. All rights reserved. Proceedings Title 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC 2019, September 3, 2019 - September 6, 2019 Mar 27, 2023
  • Harvesting fly ash from a closed Pennsylvania landfill for beneficial use - Engineering design, permitting and construction (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Angie Gerdeman Series 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Clean Coal-Based Energy/Fuels and the Environment, PCC 2019 Place Pittsburgh, PA, United states Publisher International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Date 2019 Library Catalog Engineering Village Proceedings Title 36th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC 2019, September 3, 2019 - September 6, 2019 Mar 27, 2023
  • Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Series Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use Volume 11.05 Date 2019 Extra Publisher: ASTM International DOI 10.1520/E3183-19 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract This guide provides a framework to address critical aspects related to the harvesting of CCPs placed in active (operational) and inactive (closed or no longer receiving CCPs) storage areas. These storage areas may be used for wet or dry material, and may be located at active or inactive facilities (that is, coal-fired electric utilities or independent power producers that are currently generating electricity or have ceased to do so, respectively). Also, CCPs may be harvested from active or inactive storage areas located on-site or off-site of the facility. This guide does not include information on how to determine what storage areas or facilities, or both should be selected for potential harvesting of CCPs, as each entity may approach a harvesting program in accordance with their own harvesting pursuits and regulatory requirements. In addition, it does not include information on how an energy company or other interested parties should evaluate inventories to determine the order of their storage areas for potential harvesting, including consideration of risk, performance and cost. This guide is intended to be used to evaluate the potential harvesting of the storage areas once the storage areas are selected for evaluation. This guide is comprised of the following sections: Scope, Section 1; Referenced Documents, Section 2; Terminology, Section 3; Significance and Use, Section 4; Project Planning and Scoping, Section 5: Background Review of CCP Storage Areas, Section 6; Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas, Section 7; Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas, Section 8; Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, Section 9; and Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas, Section 10. Not all information within this guide will be necessary for each harvesting project, and the user should determine the applicability of each section. Section 1, Scope, includes information related to contents of this guide, as well as what is not included in this guide. Section 2, Referenced Documents, includes published documents referenced within this guide. Section 3, Terminology, includes definitions for terms as they relate to this guide. Section 4, Significance and Use, describes the beneficial use of CCPs stored within active and inactive storage areas, including each CCP potential beneficial use; the context of the guide and its use; the professional judgment that is appropriate for use of the guide; and the inherent uncertainty with the processes described within the guide. Section 5, Project Planning and Scoping, describes the steps needed prior to implementing this guide, including: establishing a project team; determining what storage areas within the facility should be evaluated for potential harvesting of CCPs; determining the potential materials to be harvested; compiling existing land use, environmental compliance, geologic/hydrogeologic, topographic, design and construction information; estimating potential project costs and project schedule with contingencies (if feasible); and identifying factors that may impact the ability to harvest the CCPs. Section 6, Site Background Review of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps for evaluating the attributes of storage areas at the facility relative to harvesting CCPs. Section 7, Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps for developing and implementing the CCP characterization sampling and analysis plan that will evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of the CCPs within the storage areas, and determining if amendments to the CCPs will be needed for beneficial use. Section 8, Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps necessary to evaluate the approval status of the storage areas and develop a conceptual harvesting strategy and approval approach for the project. Considerations are given for both active and inactive storage areas. Section 9, Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps needed to prepare the detailed design and approval documents (as applicable) for the CCP storage area harvesting and receive the appropriate approval (as applicable). 1.3.10 Section 10, Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps needed to implement the storage area harvesting plans from installation of the appropriate pre-harvesting components and harvesting the CCPs in accordance with the approval requirements, to completing the post-harvesting monitoring and inspections. 1.3.11 Sections 6 through 10 provide the five phases (Phase I through V) of the harvesting process that follow once storage areas are selected for harvesting evaluation. Information related to Phase I through V is located on Table 1. This guide does not include information on the processing of harvested CCPs, and therefore, additional approvals not discussed within this guide may be needed (for example, residual waste processing approvals, air approvals specific to processing, water control approvals, storage system approvals, etc.). As CCPs are produced, they may be sent off-site directly to beneficial use applications, such as concrete, wallboard and controlled or structural fills, while the alternative is to direct them to dry or wet storage areas. Although many CCPs were placed in storage due to not meeting applicable specifications for use, many other CCPs were stored for lack of market. In either case, the CCPs retain the ability to be considered a wanted material that provides a functional benefit and a benefit to the environment. They can be harvested and lightly processed, if necessary, to meet relevant product specifications and substitute for the raw materials. Depending on the type and homogeneity of CCPs and the type of storage area from which the materials are being harvested (that is, dry or wet storage areas), this harvesting and processing may include, but is not limited to, excavating or dewatering/dredging, drying, milling, classifying and storing or transporting the material before they are beneficially used. The CCPs that may be harvested include: fly ash, bottom ash and economizer ash generated by powdered carbon boilers; boiler slag; flue gas desulfurization material; fluidized-bed combustion products as defined in Terminology E2201; cenospheres; or other materials suitable for beneficial use. Laws and approval requirements governing the use of CCPs vary by locality, state and country and generally do not yet include provisions for CCP harvesting as described herein. The user of this guide is responsible for determining and complying with the applicable approval requirements, which may extend beyond harvesting to include approval requirements or guidance on issues such as storage, transportation, end use and other concepts. This guide complements approval programs where guidance on harvesting is unavailable or insufficient, thereby improving the chance that such storage areas may be repurposed for public or private benefit, or both. It is important to engage and educate the approval authority early and often throughout the planning, design and implementation of the harvesting activities. The project team may also consider affording an opportunity to solicit input from other stakeholders. This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid, minimize or delay implementation of specific management, operation, closure, or remediation activities, or both as appropriate by law or directive, unless the harvesting activities are conducted in conjunction with such strategies to maintain or achieve compliance with the approval requirements or as otherwise agreed upon with the appropriate authorizing agencies. This guide should not be used to characterize (that is, environmentally assess) a storage area for ownership transfer although portions of such information may supplement other environmental assessments that are used in such a transfer. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 2019 ASTM International. All rights reserved. Mar 27, 2023
  • Beneficial Use of Ponded Fly Ash In Structural Concrete (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Tarunjit Singh Butalia URL https://ukiericoncretecongress.com/Home/files/Proceedings/pdf/1B-T%20Butalia-Keynote-Conf-1.pdf Place Jahalandhar, India Date 2019 Accessed 2022-01-31 17:57:44 Conference Name 4th UKIERI Concrete Congress Abstract This paper investigates the potential large-volume use of ponded fly ash for concrete applications in the United States. The use of fresh coal ash in concrete (meeting ASTM C-618 specifications) has become a stable revenue for coal-fired utilities and ash marketers. However with the decline in usage of coal in the US, the quantity and quality of coal ash available for structural concrete applications has seen a significant reduction. Harvesting ponded fly ash which after treatment can meet national specifications for concrete applications can provide an economic alternative to keeping the ash in the closed out ponds. The ash in closed out ponds can be a valuable resource that can be harvested in the future to provide a positive revenue stream for ponded ash while at the same time reducing the liability of the utility owning the closed out pond. The value of using fly ash in concrete is not limited to reducing waste stockpiles, however, as use of fly ash has been shown, through prolific amounts of research on the subject, to be highly beneficial to concrete – increasing workability and ease of placement, and resulting in increases in strength and dramatic improvements in durability, paired with reduced material costs. Further, use of fly ash represents the single most impactful method of reducing the environmental and energy impacts of concrete construction – in the US State of Ohio alone, replacement of 30% of the state’s cement content in concrete mixtures would avoid nearly 1 million tons CO2 emissions per year. Given current world trends of increasing interest in the ‘greening’ of technologies, especially those with high embodied greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage (as occurs in the production of cement), demand for use of coal ash in concrete is unlikely to subside. Proceedings Title Concrete: The Global Builder Mar 27, 2023
  • Dry-processing of long-term wet-stored fly ash for use as an addition in concrete (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author M. J. McCarthy Author L. Zheng Author R. K. Dhir Author G. Tella URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946516306849 Volume 92 Pages 205-215 Publication Cement and Concrete Composites ISSN 0958-9465 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbr Cement and Concrete Composites DOI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.004 Accessed 2022-01-18 17:29:27 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The paper describes a study carried out to explore the potential for recovery of fly ash from wet-storage areas for use as an addition in concrete, and involved drying and processing material to achieve finer fractions/reduce particle size. Three relatively coarse fly ashes with medium/high carbon contents (loss-on-ignition; LOI) were obtained from two UK lagoons and a stockpile. Initially, drying (105 °C) and screening (600 μm) were carried out, giving acceptable handling properties. Thereafter, processing using (63 μm) sieving, air classifying or grinding was investigated. The methods gave increased fineness levels (greatest with grinding), with some reductions in LOI also found after sieving and air classifying. Assessment of fly ash reactivity indicated improvements with processing, and most noticeable effects by grinding. Tests on concrete found that both consistence (slump) and compressive (cube) strength increased with processing and tended to follow fly ash fineness. Further analysis showed that strength could be related to the sub 10 μm particle level in fly ash. This appeared to be irrespective of processing method, with progressive increases (in strength) up to sub 10 μm contents of about 60% (maximum in the study). Concrete tests for water absorption and intrinsic (air) permeability, carbonation and chloride diffusion showed that these were also influenced by fly ash sub 10 μm content. The factors affecting behaviour are discussed and practical implications of the research considered. Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Author Segun A. Akinyemi Author Mugera W. Gitari URL https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/43432 Publisher IntechOpen ISBN 978-953-51-3752-8 978-953-51-3968-3 978-953-51-3753-5 Date 2018 Extra Accepted: 2021-02-11T10:03:47Z DOI: 10.5772/65147 Accessed 2022-01-25 21:37:45 Library Catalog directory.doabooks.org Language English Abstract The present book deals with various, very significant topics of coal fly ash beneficiation, such as treatment of acid mine drainage with coal fly ash, toxic metal adsorption using coal fly ash, recovery of metals from coal fly ash and phytoreclamation of abandoned acid mine drainage site after treatment with coal fly ash, the status of research in coal fly ash utilization and applications and some other related topics in this growing and increasingly important research area. Overall, coal fly ash beneficiation has come to assume an important role in most areas of waste management research today. Continued growth and emphasis on scientific research is expected in all areas of waste management and conversion of waste to wealth technologies. Mar 27, 2023
  • Book Chapter: Fly Ash (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Section Author Kosmas Sideris Author Harald Justnes Author Marios Soutsos Author Tongbo Sui Editor Nele De Belie Editor Marios Soutsos Editor Elke Gruyaert URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70606-1_2 Series RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports Place Cham Publisher Springer International Publishing Pages 55-98 ISBN 978-3-319-70606-1 Date 2018 Extra DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70606-1_2 Accessed 2023-03-15 19:48:33 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract Fly ash is an industrial by-product deriving from electricity generating plants. It is the by-product of burning coal or lignite. Fly ash is one of the first artificial admixtures used for the production of concrete since the first decades of the 20th century. Its chemical and mineralogical composition mainly depends on the relevant properties of the raw material used as well as on the type of furnace and the way it is collected. Fly ash may have beneficial effects on both the fresh and hardened properties of concrete mixtures. This chapter provides an extensive report on the use of fly ash in concrete. Reference is made to the regulatory framework governing the application of fly ash, mainly in Europe and America, to factors affecting the quality of the product and to the effects of different fly ashes on fresh and hardened characteristics of concrete. Book Title Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 238-SCM, Working Group 4 Mar 27, 2023
  • Book Chapter: Recovery, processing, and usage of wet-stored fly ash (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Section Author M. J. McCarthy Author T. Robl Author L. J. Csetenyi Editor Tom Robl Editor Anne Oberlink Editor Rod Jones URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009451000149 Publisher Woodhead Publishing Pages 343-367 ISBN 978-0-08-100945-1 Date January 1, 2017 Extra DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100945-1.00014-9 Accessed 2022-01-26 22:58:21 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract With changes in how electricity is generated, there may be a gradual reduction in available fly ash for use in concrete and other applications. The significant quantities of fly ash stored around power plants in stockpiles and ponds, in some cases over many years, represent a source of material that could help address this situation. Wet-stored fly ash can undergo physical and chemical changes during storage, affecting its reactivity potential and it may be prone to variability. Recovery of this is therefore likely to involve evaluation of the material properties, and development of processing strategies. This chapter examines (i) the characteristics of wet-stored fly ash, (ii) methods of sampling material, (iii) various wet processing techniques that can be used to remove or concentrate components, and (iv) use in cementitious systems. Consideration is also given to the direct use of conditioned/stockpile fly ash in concrete. Book Title Coal Combustion Products (CCP's) Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal Ash 2.0 : A Strategic Resource (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Web Page Author C. Arato Author Bruce Sifton URL https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Coal-Ash-2-.-0-%3A-A-Strategic-Resource-Arato-Sifton/f879aed56abf5726b716e8bb9bc7fda2986c943c Date 2017 Accessed 2022-01-31 18:39:54 Language en Abstract Since 2009, SonoAsh has focused on a new technology development pathway to enable coal ash beneficiation of both impounded and production coal ash: a sustainable, essential strategic resource with unique nearto long-term opportunities. The central consideration in the first step of coal processing is generating power is the first step to maximizing value, not the only step. In an increasingly energy and Carbon conscious world, Carbon offset accounting cannot be ignored. This includes securing the essential social benefits to drive government to less proscriptive methods and engage more collaboratively. Short Title Coal Ash 2 . 0 Mar 27, 2023
  • Harvesting of coal combustion products stored in a dry storage area for beneficial use (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Rafic Minkara Author Marty Leedy Series 34th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Coal - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, PCC 2017 Volume 2017-September Place Pittsburgh, PA, United states Publisher International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Date 2017 Library Catalog Engineering Village Proceedings Title 34th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Coal - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, PCC 2017, September 5, 2017 - September 8, 2017 Mar 27, 2023
  • Phase 2 Beneficiation Technologies Study Summary (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report URL https://www.duke-energy.com/_/media/pdfs/our-company/ash-management/phase-2-beneficiation-technologies-study-summary.pdf Date 2017 Accessed 2022-02-02 18:44:18 Institution Duke Energy Abstract As part of the North Carolina Coal Ash Management Act of 2014 (CAMA), all generating facilities in North Carolina owned by a public utility that produce coal ash are required to perform a study of coal combustion product (CCP) uses and markets, for submittal to the Environmental Management Commission and the Coal Ash Management Commission on or before August 1, 2016. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) teamed with the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (UK CAER) and Golder Associates to perform research on CCP use markets and technologies and provide technical support for Duke’s efforts to evaluate increased CCP use as specified under the legislation. The research was divided into three phases that parallel the studies required by the CAMA legislation:  Phase 1 – Market Study. The market study focused on well-established, conventional products and markets, such as concrete, cement, road construction, and reclamation.  Phase 2 – Beneficiation Technologies. This phase explored commercial beneficiation technologies to improve ash characteristics for use in conventional applications assessed in Phase 1.  Phase 3 – Alternative and Innovative Technologies. This phase identified products and technologies that currently have a limited market, or no market, in the United States. This report provides the results of the Phase 2, evaluation of existing technologies for beneficiating coal ash. The objective of Phase 2 is to provide a review and assessment of technologies that are currently available for beneficiating coal combustion fly ash and improving its marketability. Mar 27, 2023
  • Influence of storage conditions on quality of fly ashes (2014)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Hana Kalousova Author Eva Bartonikova Author Toma Opravil Series Advanced Materials Research Volume 1000 Place Cerna Hora, Czech republic Publisher Trans Tech Publications Ltd Pages 59-62 Date 2014 DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1000.59 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The presented paper deals with the issue of influence of storage conditions on the quality of conventional fly ashes which are produced by combustion of lignite. These ashes were stockpiled for long time. A borehole for sampling was made in the fly ash stock-pile. Total depth of the borehole was 20 m. Samples of fly ashes taken from every single meter were analyzed and next mechanical properties and the volume stability of materials containing these fly ashes were tested. The quality of fly ashes especially with respect to the possibility to use them as components of pastes, mortars and concretes as pozzolanic admixture or fine filler was evaluated. (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. Proceedings Title 18th Conference of Research Institute for Building Materials Ecology and New Building Materials and Products, ICEBMP 2014, June 3, 2014 - June 5, 2014 Mar 27, 2023
  • Characterising long-term wet-stored fly ash following carbon and particle size separation (2013)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author M. J. McCarthy Author M. R. Jones Author L. Zheng Author T. L. Robl Author J. G. Groppo URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236113001506 Volume 111 Pages 430-441 Publication Fuel ISSN 0016-2361 Date September 1, 2013 Journal Abbr Fuel DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.048 Accessed 2022-01-18 17:38:46 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The paper describes a study carried out to characterise fly ash produced from hard-coal, following recovery from long-term pond and stockpile storage, and wet process separation. Three power station sites, representative of those in the United Kingdom, were considered and initial work examined the characteristics of recovered material from both types of storage area. Most of this had high loss-on-ignition (LOI) and was relatively coarse, with that in ponds generally having greater variability. Fly ash particles had reaction products on their surfaces and the presence of agglomerates was also noted. Methods including, pre-screening, column (hydraulic) separation, froth flotation and lamella hydraulic classifier were considered for processing. Three trials were carried out using various combinations, and it was possible to separate carbon and fly ash to give material groups ranging from carbon-rich to low LOI/high fineness, although fine fly ash particles (<5μm) were distributed throughout these. Relatively minor changes in chemical composition and mineralogy of the separated materials were noted, except for particle groups with high LOI (reflecting fly ash dilution). Similar effects were generally obtained with both pond and stockpile storage. Mass balance calculations were made to quantify material distributions for the three processing trials carried out. Examples are given of yields achieved for potential end-uses from these, which indicate that optimisation to target particular fly ash properties should be possible. Mar 27, 2023
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Economic Issues

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Title Date Added
  • Utilization of off-specification fly ash in preparing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC): Mixture design, characterization, and life-cycle assessment (2022)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Jiang Du Author Zhuo Liu Author Christos Christodoulatos Author Matthew Conway Author Yi Bao Author Weina Meng URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344921007448 Volume 180 Pages 106136 Publication Resources, Conservation and Recycling ISSN 0921-3449 Date 2022-05-01 Journal Abbr Resources, Conservation and Recycling DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106136 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:39:08 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract This paper presents feasibility and benefits of utilizing off-specification fly ash (OSFA), which would have otherwise been landfilled, in preparing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Effects of mixture design variables, including OSFA content, water-to-binder ratio, and slag content, on compressive and flexural properties of UHPC were tested. Experimental results showed that UHPC with proper combination of OSFA and slag achieved desired compressive and flexural strengths, as well as low autogenous shrinkage and leachability of heavy metals. The underlying mechanisms of property development were investigated through isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated that use of OSFA retarded hydration reactions, but incorporation of slag effectively suppressed adverse effects of OSFA. Economic and environmental analysis showed that use of OSFA greatly reduced the life-cycle cost, carbon footprint, and embodied energy consumption of UHPC. This study develops a new avenue for valorization of OSFA and development of cost-effective and eco-friendly UHPC. Short Title Utilization of off-specification fly ash in preparing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal Combustion Products Production & Use Reports, 2000-2021 (2022)This link opens in a new window Item Type Document URL https://acaa-usa.org/publications/production-use-reports/ Publisher American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) Date 2022 Accessed 2023-03-16 20:55:57 Language en-US Abstract American Coal Ash Association (“ACAA”) today released its annual “Production and Use Survey” which also showed that use of harvested ash is continuing to grow. Nearly 4.5 million tons of previously disposed ash was utilized in a variety of applications in 2021, including coal ash pond closure activities, concrete products, cement kiln raw feed, and gypsum panel manufacturing. The volume of harvested ash that was utilized increased 12 percent, or more than 500,000 tons, over the previous year. Mar 27, 2023
  • Benefits of Coal Ash Clean Up and Remediation (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Joshua Castigliego et al URL https://aeclinic.org/publicationpages/2021/07/29/background-report-benefits-of-coal-ash-cleanup-and-remediation Pages 29 Date July 2021 Accessed 2023-03-15 Institution Applied Economics Clinic Abstract Coal ash — or coal combustion residuals (CCR) — from electric generation are typically disposed of in landfills or ponds that pose serious risks to the environment and public health. This report estimates the benefits associated economic with coal ash cleanup and remediation at three power plants: Montana’s Colstrip Steam Electricity Station, South Carolina’s Grainger Generating Station, and Indiana’s Michigan City Generating Station. Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal Ash Cleanup Benefits (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Jeremy Richardson URL https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/coal-ash-cleanup-benefits Date 2021 Accessed 2023-03-15 20:47:46 Institution Union of Concerned Scientists Language en Abstract Cleaning up coal ash sites the right way would alleviate water contamination, address environmental justice issues, and create more jobs than current site owner plans. Mar 27, 2023
  • Effect of transportation of fly ash: Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of concrete (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Daman K. Panesar Author Deepak Kanraj Author Yasar Abualrous URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946518308643 Volume 99 Pages 214-224 Publication Cement and Concrete Composites ISSN 0958-9465 Date 2019-05-01 Journal Abbr Cement and Concrete Composites DOI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.03.019 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:34:30 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The incorporation of fly ash into concrete may be limited by its quality, local availability, and additional cost incurred due to transportation. The specific objectives of this study are to: conduct an experimental program to evaluate the material properties for the four concrete mix designs considered for analysis (100GU, 25FA, 35FA, 50FA); identify environmental impact categories that are most greatly affected by material transportation; develop a life cycle assessment (LCA) model and a life cycle cost (LCC) model to respectively quantify the environmental and economic benefits and/or burdens that reflect the interplay between concrete mix designs and transportation of fly ash (up to 1000 km by truck). This analysis considers a study period of 100 years and is based on the proposed repair schedule. This study defines the ‘break-even distance’ as the maximum distance at which the LCA or LCC analysis results (i.e. environmental impact or cost) for concrete containing fly ash is lower than corresponding results for the 100GU concrete. Key outcomes of this study are: (i) ‘ecotoxicity’, ‘human toxicity (non-cancer)’, and ‘resources and fossil fuels’ are the most highly affected environmental impact categories by transportation of fly ash. In contrast, global warming potential was minimally affected. (ii) The break-even distance depends on the time to first repair (TFR), total volume of concrete required over 100 years of being in service and the percentage of cement replacement by fly ash. For both the LCA and LCC analysis, the concrete mix, 35FA, has the lowest break-even distance compared to the 25FA and 50FA. The fly ash mix designs ranked in order of least to most environmentally friendly and economically viable are: 35FA, 25FA, and 50FA. (iii) The break-even distances are longer for the LCC analysis compared to the LCA model results which indicates that the environmental impacts associated with the transportation of fly ash are more severe than the cost associated with the process, based on the analysis and assumptions in this study. Short Title Effect of transportation of fly ash Mar 27, 2023
  • Solid waste from the operation and decommissioning of power plants (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Marilyn A. Brown Author Daniel D’Arcy Author Melissa Lapsa Author Isha Sharma Author Yufei Li URL https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Environment%20Baseline%20Vol.%203--Solid%20Waste%20from%20the%20Operation%20and%20Decommissioning%20of%20Power%20Plants.pdf Pages 104 Date 2017 Institution Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Library Catalog Google Scholar Abstract This baseline report examines the solid waste generated by the U.S. electric power industry, including both waste streams resulting from electricity generation and wastes resulting from the decommissioning of power plants. Report Number ORNL/SPR-2016/774 Mar 28, 2023
  • Beneficial Reuse of Coal Ash from Dominion Energy Coal Ash Sites (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Dr. Kevin H. Gardner Author Scott Greenwood URL https://www.potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017.11.30-Beneficial-Reuse-of-Coal-Ash-from-Dominion-Energy-Coal-Ash-Sites.pdf Pages 27 Date 2017 Accessed 2022-01-27 18:27:37 Institution University of New Hampshire Abstract Dominion Energy Virginia stores approximately 30 million tons of waste coal ash in impoundments at four different sites in Virginia: the Possum Point Power Station (Dumfries, Va.); the Chesterfield Power Station (Chester, Va.); the Bremo Power Station (Bremo Bluff, Va.); and the Chesapeake Energy Center (Chesapeake, Va.). The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality has documented the presence of coal ash-associated contaminants in the groundwater at each of these sites. In 2017, the Virginia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 1398 instructing the utility to assess the feasibility of excavation and the beneficial reuse of legacy ash for use in concrete as a mechanism for closing the impoundments at each of the four sites. This report examines the technical feasibility and market conditions for recycling impounded coal ash for use in concrete in Virginia. Mar 27, 2023
  • Landfill Economics: Getting Down to Business – Part 2 (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Daniel P. Duffy URL https://www.mswmanagement.com/landfills/article/13022732/landfill-economics-getting-down-to-business-part-2 Publication MSW Management Date Mar 17th 2016 Accessed 2022-01-27 18:33:33 Language en Abstract This article was first published in the July/August 2005 issue of MSW Management. This series of three articles examines the costs involved in each stage of a generic landfill’s lifetime, shows how to do pro forma statements for profit and loss, and analyzes the tax and financial aspects of each stage of operation. In so doing, these articles illustrate the unique profitability of landfill operations for a given market share. Each article focuses on a different stage of a landfill’s operational lifetime. Short Title Landfill Economics Mar 27, 2023
  • Phase I market study summary (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Golder Associates Author Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research Author Electric Power Research Institute URL http://energynews.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/58/2016/09/Phase-1-Market-Study-Summary.pdf Pages 15 Date 2016 Accessed 2022-01-25 22:08:04 Abstract The market study focused on well-established, conventional products and markets, such as concrete, cement, road construction, and reclamation. Press Release at: https://energynews.us/2016/09/14/report-outlines-challenges-to-recycling-north-carolina-coal-ash/ Mar 27, 2023
  • Assessing determinants of industrial waste reuse: The case of coal ash in the United States (2014)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Joo Young Park URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344914001943 Volume 92 Pages 116-127 Publication Resources, Conservation and Recycling ISSN 0921-3449 Date 2014-11-01 Journal Abbr Resources, Conservation and Recycling DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.09.004 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:00:41 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Devising effective strategies to facilitate waste reuse depends on the solid understanding of reuse behaviors. However, previous studies of reuse behavior have been limited in scope, focusing mostly on household recycling behaviors or very limited types of industrial wastes. To gain a better understanding of the business reuse behaviors, this study examined the impact of various factors in technical, economic, regulatory, and behavioral categories in the case of coal ash generated in the United States. The results of fixed effect models for fly ash and bottom ash particularly showed the significance role of the behavioral factor. In both models, a proxy variable, which represents knowledge sharing among the power plants or the utility's decision-making, turned out to be statistically significant and had the largest coefficient estimates among a group of variables. This finding may imply that the characteristics of waste reuse behavior are determined more by business decision-making behaviors than by market or institutional factors. However, the role of the behavioral variable was stronger in the bottom ash models than in the fly ash models. While the reuse of bottom ash was determined primarily by the behavioral variable, fly ash reuse was determined by more diverse factors including economic and regulatory variables. This could be explained by material characteristics in relation to competing resources and the nature of reuse applications. Short Title Assessing determinants of industrial waste reuse Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal and ash handling: In search of cost savings (2003)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Brian K. Schimmoller Volume 107 Issue 4 Pages 22-24+26+28 Publication Power Engineering (Barrington, Illinois) ISSN 00325961 Date 2003 Extra Publisher: PennWell Publishing Co. Journal Abbr Power Engineering (Barrington, Illinois) Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract Coal and ash handling is usually termed at a necessary evil at power plants. Such functions are typically not held in high regard because they incur costs without contributing substantially to power production. As a result, management understanding is limited in many cases, and time and attention are focused only when the wheel squeks loudly enough. Coal and ash handling presents many problems, but cost-saving and revenue generation opportunities are available to aggressive asset owners. Short Title Coal and ash handling Mar 27, 2023
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Regulatory Issues

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Title Date Added
  • A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants: chemical composition, regulations, and health evidence (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Kristina M. Zierold Author Chisom Odoh URL https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2019-0039/html?lang=en Volume 35 Issue 4 Pages 401-418 Publication Reviews on Environmental Health ISSN 2191-0308 Date 2020-12-01 Extra Publisher: De Gruyter DOI 10.1515/reveh-2019-0039 Accessed 2022-01-26 15:54:12 Library Catalog www.degruyter.com Language en Abstract Throughout the world, coal is responsible for generating approximately 38% of power. Coal ash, a waste product, generated from the combustion of coal, consists of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization material. Fly ash, which is the main component of coal ash, is composed of spherical particulate matter with diameters that range from 0.1 μm to >100 μm. Fly ash is predominately composed of silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, and oxygen, but the particles may also contain heavy metals such as arsenic and lead at trace levels. Most nations throughout the world do not consider fly ash a hazardous waste and therefore regulations on its disposal and storage are lacking. Fly ash that is not beneficially reused in products such as concrete is stored in landfills and surface impoundments. Fugitive dust emissions and leaching of metals into groundwater from landfills and surface impoundments may put people at risk for exposure. There are limited epidemiological studies regarding the health effects of fly ash exposure. In this article, the authors provide an overview of fly ash, its chemical composition, the regulations from nations generating the greatest amount of fly ash, and epidemiological evidence regarding the health impacts associated with exposure to fly ash. Short Title A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants Mar 27, 2023
  • The Toll Beyond Coal: Who Bears the Cost of Coal Plant Decommissioning and Coal Ash Disposal? (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author James Cody Author Ellen Ross Author Keriann Conroy URL https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bb24d3c9b8fe8421e87bbb6/t/5f44a092f27a116b18192e30/1598333081987/20+08+24+The+Toll+Beyond+Coal.pdf Pages 65 Date 2020 Institution Sustainable Development Strategies Group Library Catalog Google Scholar Abstract A Case Study of the Municipal Energy Agency of Nebraska Mar 28, 2023
  • A Comprehensive Survey of Coal Ash Law And Commercialization: Its Environmental Risks, Disposal Regulation, And Beneficial Use Markets (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Maria Seidler Author Ken Malloy Author National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners URL https://pubs.naruc.org/pub/A6923B2D-155D-0A36-31AA-045B741819EC Pages 94 Date 2020 Accessed 2022-01-13 21:24:27 Abstract This white paper, A Comprehensive Survey of Coal Ash Law and Commercialization: Its Environmental Risks, Disposal Regulation, and Beneficial Use Markets (Comprehensive Survey) was commissioned by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) under a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in response to a major rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Final Rule (Final Rule) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 17, 2015,1 on coal ash disposal and remediation of disposal sites, which has significant implications to states. It subjects state environmental agencies and public utility commissions to regulatory responsibilities to implement federal regulations under the Final Rule and oversee the cost implications on electric customers. Members of the NARUC Subcommittee on Clean Coal and Carbon Management, along with DOE and NARUC staff and other state public utility commissioners, helped to conceptualize and guide this resource as a tool to assist state public utility commissions in understanding markets, regulations, and policy relevant to coal ash, including recent EPA rulemakings. Mar 27, 2023
  • Decrease in Fly Ash Spurring Innovation Within Construction Materials Industry (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Danny Gray Volume 35 Pages 23-29 Publication Natural Gas & Electricity Date 2019-01-01 Journal Abbr Natural Gas & Electricity DOI 10.1002/gas.22099 Library Catalog ResearchGate Abstract In recent years, the total electricity generated by the coal‐fired generation industry has continued a downward trend, which is also causing a downward trend in coal combustion residuals (CCR) production. Mar 28, 2023
  • Results in Reclaiming and Recycling Coal Combustion Residuals for Encapsulated Beneficial Reuse (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author William Fedorka Author Jimmy Knowles Author P. E. John Castleman Date 2017 Library Catalog Google Scholar Abstract The positive economic and technical benefits of utilizing fly ash as a replacement for cement in concrete are well established. However, as ever increasing environmental regulations on coal-fired plants negatively impact fly ash quality for use as supplementary cementitious material in concrete, increasing percentages of ash are disposed rather than used in concrete, and the supply of specification-grade fly ash has decreased dramatically. Industry and the environment would benefit from reclaiming flyash from disposal sites, but previously-disposed fly ash does not meet industry’s expectations for quality. Mar 28, 2023
  • Geotechnical Frontiers 2017: Waste Containment, Barriers, Remediation, and Sustainable Geoengineering (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Section Author Paul C. O’Malley URL https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784480434.041 Series GSP Date 2017 Accessed 2022-01-20 16:57:40 Series Number 276 Abstract Recently passed federal environmental regulations require electrical and industrial utilities to evaluate and address final environmental closure for coal ash storage areas. In many cases, the plans for closing these storage facilities are complicated by aggressive deadlines, absence of soil materials necessary for traditional closure methods, state and local regulatory uncertainty, and heightened public scrutiny. Additionally, many of these facilities are impoundments containing saturated waste, which introduces technical challenges that compound the difficulties of meeting the project objectives. This paper examines a final closure project where an alternative closure method was successfully deployed and satisfied all of the criteria described above; namely regulatory requirements, community approval, geotechnical instability, project schedule, and soil conservation. The alternative closure method presented utilizes a unique tufted geosynthetic material, a structured geomembrane and a specified infill material that is laid within the tufts of the geosynthetic material. Book Title Using a Tufted Geosynthetic Final Cover System to Effectively Close an Ash/Sludge Impoundment Mar 27, 2023
  • Legislative and Regulatory Timeline for Fossil Fuel Combustion Wastes (2015)This link opens in a new window Item Type Web Page Author OLEM US EPA URL https://www.epa.gov/coalash/legislative-and-regulatory-timeline-fossil-fuel-combustion-wastes Date 2015-08-10T18:49:34-04:00 Accessed 2022-01-13 19:23:28 Website Type Overviews and Factsheets Language en Abstract This timeline walks through the history of fossil fuel combustion waste regulation since 1976 and includes information such as regulations, proposals, notices, amendments, reports and meetings and site visits conducted. Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal Ash Disposal Challenge (Part 2) (2014)This link opens in a new window Item Type Blog Post Author Kristine Baumstark URL https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/28087/2014_06_20_Coal_Ash_Disposal_Challenge_Part_2.pdf?sequence=2 Date 2014 Extra Publisher: The Center for Global Energy, International Arbitration, and Environmental Law Mar 28, 2023
  • Coal Ash Law and Regulation in the United States: An Overview (2009)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Steven T. Moon Author Amanda B. Turner URL https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/scen18&id=177&div=&collection= Volume 18 Pages 173 Publication Southeastern Environmental Law Journal Date 2009-2010 Journal Abbr Se. Envtl. L.J. Short Title Coal Ash Law and Regulation in the United States Mar 27, 2023
  • Impact of regulations on fly ash marketing in the United States (2007)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author G.C. Plunk Author D.C. Goss Series Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies - International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies Place Coventry, United kingdom Publisher Taylor and Francis - Balkema Pages 521-525 Date 2007 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The marketability of a specific source of fly ash is dependant on several factors; quality (relative quality and quality perception), location relative to demand, competing materials, competing fly ash sources and market pricing dynamics. Quality and economics are arguably the most critical factor when determining the marketability of a specific fly ash source and are closely interrelated. This paper will focus on the impact of current and proposed future federal environmental regulations on fly ash marketability related to quality in the United States. Specifically this paper will discuss the effect of plant combustion modifications (over fired air and low NOX burners), the installation of SCR's and SNCR's (ammonia injection), the installation of scrubbers (wet and dry), the addition of additives to adjust opacity, fuel changes to control SOX emissions and proposed mercury capture technologies on fly ash quality and marketability. The paper will also discuss how the fly ash marketing industry has reacted to fly ash quality changes and worked with stakeholders to overcome the general decline in fly ash quality as market demand and quality expectations have steadily increased. Specifically, the paper will illustrate how the development of improved quality control methods and tests, the development of cost effective beneficiation processes, along with greater flexibility in fly ash handling, logistics and transportation have helped to offset the general decline of fly ash quality and how these changes were made possible by the economics of product value. The paper will also address what steps the U.S. CCP industries are taking to find beneficial uses for non-specification fly ash as well as discussions of current process technologies and treatments used to improve the quality and marketability of non-specification fly ash. 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, London. Proceedings Title International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, June 11, 2007 - June 13, 2007 Mar 27, 2023
  • Power extends power plant ash pond life through community project (1995)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author F.Clarke Hobson Jr. Author Michael L. Hammons Volume 99 Issue 1 Pages 22-23 Publication Power Engineering (Barrington, Illinois) ISSN 00325961 Date 1995 Extra Publisher: PennWell Publ Co Journal Abbr Power Engineering (Barrington, Illinois) Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract A building site for a North Carolina church is being developed with coal combustion byproducts from Duke Power Company's Riverbend steam station. The material is being removed from an active primary ash settling basin or pond without interrupting power production. Lessons learned, regulations and project background and all around benefits are discussed. Mar 28, 2023
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Logistical Issues

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Title Date Added
  • The Importance of Logistics in Ash Marketing (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Magazine Article Author Rob Reynolds URL https://acaa-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/ash-at-work/ASH02-2020.pdf Issue 2 Pages 32-34 Publication ASH at Work Date 2020 Abstract To maximize utilization, utilities should consider alternative applications and expanded markets for their fly ash, then work to transport it efficiently. Through beneficial use, utilities can dramatically reduce the need and related expense to landfill highquality fly ash and other sustainable materials while meeting the market demand for this material. Balancing the supply chain and ensuring that logistics remain economical are very important when developing a go-to market strategy to maximize fly ash utilization, something that benefits both the utility and the end user. It is a win-win scenario when the logistics challenge of transporting fly ash from areas of high supply to those of great demand is economical for both the suppler and the concrete producer. Mar 28, 2023
  • Effect of transportation of fly ash: Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of concrete (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Daman K. Panesar Author Deepak Kanraj Author Yasar Abualrous URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946518308643 Volume 99 Pages 214-224 Publication Cement and Concrete Composites ISSN 0958-9465 Date 2019-05-01 Journal Abbr Cement and Concrete Composites DOI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.03.019 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:34:30 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The incorporation of fly ash into concrete may be limited by its quality, local availability, and additional cost incurred due to transportation. The specific objectives of this study are to: conduct an experimental program to evaluate the material properties for the four concrete mix designs considered for analysis (100GU, 25FA, 35FA, 50FA); identify environmental impact categories that are most greatly affected by material transportation; develop a life cycle assessment (LCA) model and a life cycle cost (LCC) model to respectively quantify the environmental and economic benefits and/or burdens that reflect the interplay between concrete mix designs and transportation of fly ash (up to 1000 km by truck). This analysis considers a study period of 100 years and is based on the proposed repair schedule. This study defines the ‘break-even distance’ as the maximum distance at which the LCA or LCC analysis results (i.e. environmental impact or cost) for concrete containing fly ash is lower than corresponding results for the 100GU concrete. Key outcomes of this study are: (i) ‘ecotoxicity’, ‘human toxicity (non-cancer)’, and ‘resources and fossil fuels’ are the most highly affected environmental impact categories by transportation of fly ash. In contrast, global warming potential was minimally affected. (ii) The break-even distance depends on the time to first repair (TFR), total volume of concrete required over 100 years of being in service and the percentage of cement replacement by fly ash. For both the LCA and LCC analysis, the concrete mix, 35FA, has the lowest break-even distance compared to the 25FA and 50FA. The fly ash mix designs ranked in order of least to most environmentally friendly and economically viable are: 35FA, 25FA, and 50FA. (iii) The break-even distances are longer for the LCC analysis compared to the LCA model results which indicates that the environmental impacts associated with the transportation of fly ash are more severe than the cost associated with the process, based on the analysis and assumptions in this study. Short Title Effect of transportation of fly ash Mar 27, 2023
  • Transportation matters – Does it? GIS-based comparative environmental assessment of concrete mixes with cement, fly ash, natural and recycled aggregates (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Verena Göswein Author Alexandre B. Gonçalves Author José Dinis Silvestre Author Fausto Freire Author Guillaume Habert Author Rawaz Kurda URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344918301964 Volume 137 Pages 1-10 Publication Resources, Conservation and Recycling ISSN 0921-3449 Date 2018-10-01 Journal Abbr Resources, Conservation and Recycling DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.021 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:44:35 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The urban world is expanding and densifying fast. This requires and produces huge amounts of new construction materials and construction and demolition waste (CDW) every year. Concrete is not only the most important construction material in terms of sheer amount but also regarding embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative concrete mixes have been developed by introducing supplementary cementitious materials (e.g. fly ash (FA)) and CDW (e.g. recycled aggregates (RA)). So far, environmental assessments focus mostly on the production of concrete mixes without considering the transportation-related impacts. This paper appraises the importance of transportation-related impacts of raw materials for concrete production and proposes a new method combining Life Cycle Assessment and geospatial analysis of road transportation of materials. Environmental impacts (EI) of different mixes are assessed for the specific locations of concrete plants. Traditional and alternative concrete mixes are compared to choose site-specifically the mix with lower impacts. For that purpose, two Portuguese cities were considered as case studies. The new method uncovers if and how location of supply and demand for concrete production is important. The results show that for traditional concrete and for mixes incorporating low FA ratio and/or RA, transportation does not matter. However, it matters when choosing between already drastically improved mixes: then, distances from raw materials suppliers to concrete plants can tip the scales of total EI. In fact, the distances to FA and recycling plants influence the selection of the most environmental friendly concrete mix. The method can be applied to other case studies and materials. Short Title Transportation matters – Does it? Mar 27, 2023
  • Reverse logistics activities in three companies of the process industry (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Miguel Afonso Sellitto URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652618309430 Volume 187 Pages 923-931 Publication Journal of Cleaner Production ISSN 0959-6526 Date 2018-06-20 Journal Abbr Journal of Cleaner Production DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.262 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:04:13 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify opportunities to recover value from waste in the process industry. Reverse logistics deals with value recovery in industrial processes. The main reverse channels are reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling parts and materials. The motivation of the study is to find which processes in the process industry offer better opportunities to recover value, which would justify further research. The hypotheses are that supply, manufacturing, maintenance, distribution, and post-consumption processes offer opportunities to reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling used materials and parts. The research method is the multiple case studies in three companies in the process industry: beverages, packaging, and construction chemicals. The main research techniques were document analysis, meeting with experts and guided visits, and non-participant observation. The study concluded that the combination of channels and processes with higher potential for value recovery are reuse in manufacture and distribution, remanufacturing in maintenance, and recycling in postconsumption. The supply process has little potential for value recovery in the studied cases. Another finding is the relevance of the role played by cooperatives and municipalities in the recycling channel. Mar 27, 2023
  • CCP Marketing Unique Industry Depends on Private Investment and Sensible Public Policy for Growth (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Magazine Article Author John N. Ward URL https://acaa-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/ash-at-work/ASH01-2017.pdf Issue 1 Pages 6-8 Publication ASH at Work Date 2017 Abstract For nearly 20 years, I’ve had the privilege of visiting Washington DC frequently to educate policymakers and regulators regarding coal combustion products beneficial use. “Coal ash recycling” – the simpler, but technically incorrect descriptor of the industry—is a more complicated enterprise than people assume when they are first exposed to it. To accurately describe the industry and how it works, I find a handful of phrases frequently enter the conversation: • “This is not your father’s commodity business.” • “Ash is like children…” • “It’s all about the logistics.” • “You don’t just wake up one morning and decide to recycle coal ash.” • “Public policy matters.” Mar 28, 2023
  • Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Coal Combustion Byproducts, Volume 2 (2013)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Author Transportation Research Board Author National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Editor Mary Stroup-Gardiner Editor Tanya Wattenberg-Komas URL https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22551/recycled-materials-and-byproducts-in-highway-applications-coal-combustion-byproducts-volume-2 Place Washington, DC Publisher The National Academies Press Date 2013 Extra DOI: 10.17226/22551 Accessed 2022-01-24 19:57:10 Library Catalog National Academies Press Language English Abstract TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 435: Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Coal Combustion Byproducts, Volume 2 summarizes the results of a project that describes the experiences of transportation agencies in determining the relevant properties of coal combustion byproducts and the beneficial use for highway applications.NCHRP Synthesis 435 is presented in eight volumes and is designed to help serve as a guide to states revising the provisions of their materials specifications to incorporate the use of recycled materials and industrial byproducts.Volume 1 is available in print and electronic versions. Volumes 2 to 8 are in electronic format only. The eight volumes are:Volume 1 Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary ReportVolume 2 Coal Combustion ByproductsVolume 3 Non-Coal Combustion ByproductsVolume 4 Mineral and Quarry ByproductsVolume 5 Slag ByproductsVolume 6 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Recycled Concrete Aggregate, and Construction Demolition WasteVolume 7 Scrap Tire ByproductsVolume 8 Manufacturing and Construction ByproductsA NCHRP Synthesis 435 website with links to all 8 volumes is available. Mar 27, 2023
  • Impact of fly ash content and fly ash transportation distance on embodied greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption in concrete (2009)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Kate R. O’Brien Author Julien Ménaché Author Liza M. O’Moore URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0105-5 Volume 14 Issue 7 Pages 621-629 Publication The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ISSN 1614-7502 Date 2009-11-01 Journal Abbr Int J Life Cycle Assess DOI 10.1007/s11367-009-0105-5 Accessed 2023-03-27 19:33:23 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract Fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power stations, is substituted for Portland cement to improve the properties of concrete and reduce the embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Much of the world’s fly ash is currently disposed of as a waste product. While replacing some Portland cement with fly ash can reduce production costs and the embodied emissions of concrete, the relationship between fly ash content and embodied GHG emissions in concrete has not been quantified. The impact of fly ash content on embodied water is also unknown. Furthermore, it is not known whether a global trade in fly ash for use in concrete is feasible from a carbon balance perspective, or if transport over long distances would eliminate any CO2 savings. This paper aims to quantify GHG emissions and water embodied in concrete (f′c = 32 MPa) as a function of fly ash content and to determine the critical fly ash transportation distance, beyond which use of fly ash in concrete increases embodied GHG emissions. Mar 27, 2023
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Environmental Issues

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Title Date Added
  • Assessment of environmental and chemical properties of coal ashes including fly ash and bottom ash, and coal ash concrete (2022)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Mahdi Rafieizonooz Author Elnaz Khankhaje Author Shahabaldin Rezania URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710222000535 Volume 49 Pages 104040 Publication Journal of Building Engineering ISSN 2352-7102 Date May 15, 2022 Journal Abbr Journal of Building Engineering DOI 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104040 Accessed 2022-01-31 17:54:28 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Cement and aggregates are the essential materials for concrete production. Besides, industrial wastes supplant construction materials. Investigating the engineering properties and environmental aspects of concrete produced with waste materials is required. Thus, this study researched leaching, chemical, and physical properties of the coal power plant wastes and concrete containing coal ashes. These wastes included Fly Ash (FA) and Bottom Ash (BA). X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the physicochemical traits, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and semi-dynamic tank leaching procedure (SDTLP) determined the leaching performance. Physicochemical analysis of FA and BA showed that these wastes, by-products can be a part of cement and fine aggregate substitute in concrete production. However, leaching test results did not demonstrate any leaching trace elements and heavy metals to the environment from BA, FA, and coal ash concrete. The FA and BA had the potential as cement and fine aggregate replacements, respectively. Using coal ashes (FA and BA), sustainable and green concrete can be made having advantages, such as reducing the final cost production of concrete and utilizing less natural resources. Mar 27, 2023
  • A framework for identifying the host phases in Coal-derived fly ash (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Mina Mohebbi Author Farshad Rajabipour Author Edris Madadian URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236121026697 Pages 122806 Publication Fuel ISSN 0016-2361 Date December 10, 2021 Journal Abbr Fuel DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122806 Accessed 2022-01-17 19:31:00 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Harmful trace elements trapped in fly ash during coal combustion have the potential to be released to the environment. Characterizing the dominant host phases for environmentally important elements is necessary to control the impacts and develop sustainable industrial symbiosis. In this study, a synergistic framework including microcharacterization techniques and leaching tests was developed and assessed to identify the host phases in a pulverized coal fly ash. The Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) mainly identified the host phases for major elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe), and characterized the glass phase oxide composition. Cluster analysis of elemental maps from scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was capable of effectively determining the host phases for trace elements (As, Mo, B, and Se). The results of column leaching tests detected the phases associated with surface (e.g., sodium- and potassium-sulfate salts) and those infused inside the glass matrix with delayed release. A geochemical model was built based on the QXRD and SEM/EDS results to analyze the leachate composition using minerals saturation indices and potential of sorption/desorption. A few host minerals for minor and trace elements such as carbonates for As and sulfide/organics for K were only detected by the sequential extraction method. By assessing the capabilities and limitations of selected techniques, the Integrating framework enabled identifying host phases for a wide range of major, minor, and trace elements in fly ash. Such methodology advances development of reactive transport models and predicting the long-term environmental impacts of combustion byproducts under various beneficial use scenarios. Mar 27, 2023
  • Leaching of As and Se from coal fly ash: fundamental study for coal fly ash recycling (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Tsugumi Seki Author Kengo Nakamura Author Yasumasa Ogawa Author Chihiro Inoue URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08954-x Volume 193 Issue 4 Pages 225 Publication Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ISSN 1573-2959 Date 2021-03-26 Journal Abbr Environ Monit Assess DOI 10.1007/s10661-021-08954-x Accessed 2022-01-26 23:06:21 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract Coal fly ash (CFA) is a useful recycled resource for uses such as cement raw material. To manage and evaluate safety for effective utilization of CFA, the leaching concentration and amounts of toxic elements in CFA need to be determined. In this study, 38 types of CFA and aged CFA generated in Japan were used to measure the occurrence and leaching concentration range of As and Se. In addition, the leaching characteristics over the long term were examined using statistical analysis. Leaching concentrations of As and Se from CFAs were in the range of 0.001–0.163 mg/L (average: 0.025 mg/L, median: 0.014 mg/L) and 0.001–0.189 mg/L (average: 0.071 mg/L, median: 0.055 mg/L), respectively. In general, the concentrations of aged CFAs were less than those of the CFAs with a few exceptions. Leaching concentrations of As and Se in the tank leaching test changed with time, and As and Se concentrations in the dispersions increased with stirring time. In contrast, pH of the dispersion decreased with time. The relation between As or Se and CFA factors showed that As or Se and pH or Ca were highly correlated. However, in aged CFAs for long-term use, the correlation coefficient for the relation between As and other factors was low while that for Se-S was high. Considering the effective utilization of CFA as a long-term recyclable resource, the leaching processes of As and Se in CFA would change with time depending on the environmental conditions. Short Title Leaching of As and Se from coal fly ash Mar 27, 2023
  • Program 241: Coal Combustion Products Management (2021)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report URL https://www.epri.com/research/programs/113123/results/3002021923 Pages 13 Date 2021 Accessed 2023-03-15 21:50:48 Institution EPRI Abstract This white paper describes the basic elements of coal combustion product landfills and defines terms commonly used in landfill design and operation. The focus of the white paper is landfill water man agement. The aim is to facilitate effective management of landfill water across power plant functions and environmental media. Mar 27, 2023
  • Evidence for unmonitored coal ash spills in Sutton Lake, North Carolina: Implications for contamination of lake ecosystems (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Avner Vengosh Author Ellen A. Cowan Author Rachel M. Coyte Author Andrew J. Kondash Author Zhen Wang Author Jessica E. Brandt Author Gary S. Dwyer URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719322211 Volume 686 Pages 1090-1103 Publication Science of The Total Environment ISSN 0048-9697 Date October 10, 2019 Journal Abbr Science of The Total Environment DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.188 Accessed 2022-01-27 18:40:16 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Coal combustion residuals (CCRs, also known as “coal ash”) contain high concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic elements that can pose ecological and human health risks upon their release into the environment. About half of the CCRs that are generated annually in the U.S. are stored in coal ash impoundments and landfills, in most cases adjacent to coal plants and waterways. Leaking of coal ash ponds and CCR spills are major environmental concerns. One factor which may impact the safety of CCRs stored in impoundments and landfills is the storage area's predisposition to flooding. The southeastern U.S., in particular, has a large number of coal ash impoundments located in areas that are vulnerable to flooding. In order to test for the possible presence of CCR solids in lake sediments following Hurricane Florence, we analyzed the magnetic susceptibility, microscopic screening, trace element composition, and strontium isotope ratios of bottom sediments collected in 2015 and in 2018 from Sutton Lake in eastern North Carolina and compared them to a reference lake. The results suggest multiple, apparently previously unmonitored, CCR spills into Sutton Lake from adjacent CCR storage sites. The enrichment of metals in Sutton Lake sediments, particularly those with known ecological impact such as As, Se, Cu, Sb, Ni, Cd, V, and Tl, was similar to or even higher than those in stream sediments impacted by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in Kingston, Tennessee, and the Dan River, North Carolina coal ash spills, and exceeded ecological screening standards for sediments. High levels of contaminants were also found in leachates extracted from Sutton Lake sediments and co-occurring pore water, reflecting their mobilization to the ambient environment. These findings highlight the risks of large-scale unmonitored spills of coal ash solids from storage facilities following major storm events and contamination of nearby water resources throughout the southeastern U.S. Short Title Evidence for unmonitored coal ash spills in Sutton Lake, North Carolina Mar 27, 2023
  • Environmental hazard assessment of coal ash disposal at the proposed Rampal power plant (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author A. Dennis Lemly URL https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1395685 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 627-641 Publication Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal ISSN 1080-7039 Date April 3, 2018 Extra Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1395685 DOI 10.1080/10807039.2017.1395685 Accessed 2022-01-31 17:51:33 Library Catalog Taylor and Francis+NEJM Abstract A proposed coal-fired power plant at Rampal, Bangladesh will produce over 38 million tons of ash during 60 years of operation at 90% electric load generation capacity. The ash disposal pond would be full in twelve years even if half of all fly ash is used in concrete and brick production, leaving at least 20 million tons of ash with a disposal plan that is limited to surface impoundment and unlined fills, which are known to cause groundwater and surface water pollution. At Rampal, probable storm tides of 7.4 meters would breach the ash pond walls during the operational life of the coal plant, potentially resulting in catastrophic failure and massive spills of ash. Seasonal monsoon flooding would cause the ash pond itself to overflow, releasing huge volumes of contaminated water. Ash disposal for the proposed coal-fired power plant at Rampal, Bangladesh, would release toxic heavy metals into the waterways of the Sundarbans Delta and Bay of Bengal, which is a World Heritage Site and includes globally important mangroves, endangered aquatic species, and a fishery that feeds hundreds of thousands of poor people. The economic damage cost of the Rampal Plant could exceed $US 100 million dollars per year. Mar 27, 2023
  • Minimisation of environmental effects related with storing fly ash from combustion of hard coal (2018)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Andrzej Obraniak Author Tadeusz Gluba Author Katarzyna Lawinska Author Bogdan Derbiszewski Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 177-189 Publication Environment Protection Engineering ISSN 03248828 Date 2018 Extra Publisher: Wrocław University of Science and Technology Journal Abbr Environment Protection Engineering DOI 10.5277/epel80412 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The tests have been carried out on granulation of fly ash that may significantly reduce the consequences of its storage and transport harmful to the environment, mainly secondary dusting. Granulation was conducted using a disk granulator. The experiments involved the evaluation of a loose additive (bentonite) impact, the analysis of moisture content and water and sodium glass impact, the optimisation of the added bentonite amount and the granulated product breaking resistance test. The were examined such parameters as the ratio of ash to fillers, the amount of supplied binding liquid (distilled water or waterglass) and the place of its feeding. The addition of bentonite to bed (ash) made it possible to completely granulate the material. The introduction of waterglass in place of demineralised water produced the desired effect. 2018 Technical University of Wroclaw.All rights reserved. Mar 27, 2023
  • Waste to energy ash monofill mining: An environmental characterization of recovered material (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Justin G. Roessler Author Timothy G. Townsend Author Abhimanyu Kanneganti URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438941730016X Volume 328 Pages 63-69 Publication Journal of Hazardous Materials ISSN 0304-3894 Date April 15, 2017 Journal Abbr Journal of Hazardous Materials DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.011 Accessed 2022-02-01 22:16:53 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Samples of combined bottom and fly ash produced at a U.S. waste-to-energy facility were collected from an ash monofill. These samples represented ash monofilled between 1991 and 2008. The ash samples were characterized for total element content and leachability; trends in these parameters were evaluated as a function of sample depth and ash age. Comparison to risk thresholds was used to assess the relative magnitude of the total and leachable mass of elements in the monofilled ash. Natural carbonation was found to have occurred in the monofilled ash, reducing the pH and leachability of Al and Pb. Sb was the element with the highest leachable concentration when compared to risk thresholds, driven primarily by the pH of the ash (9.8). The release of Mo, Sr, Ba, Na and K (all readily soluble elements in ash) was higher (48–122%) when comparing the samples taken from the 0 to 1.5m bore to the 6.1–7.62m bore; total concentration analysis also demonstrated that more of these elements were present in the deeper samples (25–53%). These data support the hypothesis that as infiltrating rainwater moves through an ash monofill leached concentrations are depleted from the upper layers of the ash first. Short Title Waste to energy ash monofill mining Mar 27, 2023
  • The Relative Impact Framework for Evaluating Coal Combustion Residual Surface Impoundment Closure Options: Applications and Lessons Learned (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Ari S. Lewis Author Andrew B. Bittner URL https://ccgpjournal.org/article/12419.pdf Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 34–36 Publication Coal Combustion and Gasification Products Date 2017 Library Catalog Google Scholar Abstract In response to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s new rule regarding the disposal of coal combustion residuals (CCRs), many utilities need to re-examine their waste disposal practices and make decisions regarding if and how unlined surface impoundments (SIs) should be closed. The two primary options for closing SIs are in-place closure, with capping and engineering controls, and excavation of the CCR for transport to and re-disposal in a lined landfill. To help inform closure option decisions, we supported the Electric Power Research Institute’s development of a practical, science-based decision framework that comprehensively evaluates the potential impacts to human health and the environment associated with SI closure alternatives. We have applied this framework to several sites and have performed a detailed sensitivity analysis of individual parameters on the framework results. Based on these applications, we developed a set of lessons learned that can be used to scope and streamline further SI closure option assessments. Short Title The Relative Impact Framework for Evaluating Coal Combustion Residual Surface Impoundment Closure Options Mar 28, 2023
  • Evaluation of the leaching risk posed by the beneficial use of ammoniated coal fly ash (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Justin Roessler Author Weizhi Cheng Author Joshua B. Hayes Author Lin Shou Author Christopher Ferraro Author Chang-Yu Wu Author Michael Bergin Author Timothy G. Townsend URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236116306378 Volume 184 Pages 613-619 Publication Fuel ISSN 0016-2361 Date November 15, 2016 Journal Abbr Fuel DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.041 Accessed 2022-01-17 19:20:58 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract In an effort to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission, many coal-fired electric utilities employ NOx control devices that utilize ammonia injection; this process, although successful at reducing NOx, results in a fly ash with elevated concentrations of ammonia. The reuse of ammoniated fly ash (AFA) raises environmental concerns due to the potential for ammonia to leach from the fly ash and impact water supplies. Leaching of AFA was examined for both unencapsulated (raw fly ash) and encapsulated (concrete) uses. Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) results revealed that AFA used in an unencapsulated application released up to 98% of the initial ammonia content within the fly ash. When the AFA was encapsulated in Portland cement concrete, monolith leaching tests showed release of 18–37% of the initial ammonia, while size-reduced concretes released 58–68% in batch tests. The high percentage of NH3 leached from the raw material suggests that unencapsulated uses might not be a viable option for AFA; comparison of leached concentrations from AFA amended concrete to regulatory risk thresholds support an acceptable leachability threshold which would be substantially higher than those thresholds commonly used to prevent inhalation risks to workers for NH3, indicating inhalation is likely the critical pathway for reuse of AFA. Mar 27, 2023
  • Evidence for Coal Ash Ponds Leaking in the Southeastern United States (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Jennifer S. Harkness Author Barry Sulkin Author Avner Vengosh URL https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01727 Volume 50 Issue 12 Pages 6583-6592 Publication Environmental Science & Technology ISSN 0013-936X Date 2016-06-21 Extra Publisher: American Chemical Society Journal Abbr Environ. Sci. Technol. DOI 10.1021/acs.est.6b01727 Accessed 2022-01-27 18:39:34 Library Catalog ACS Publications Abstract Coal combustion residuals (CCRs), the largest industrial waste in the United States, are mainly stored in surface impoundments and landfills. Here, we examine the geochemistry of seeps and surface water from seven sites and shallow groundwater from 15 sites in five states (Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina) to evaluate possible leaking from coal ash ponds. The assessment for groundwater impacts at the 14 sites in North Carolina was based on state-archived monitoring well data. Boron and strontium exceeded background values of 100 and 150 μg/L, respectively, at all sites, and the high concentrations were associated with low δ11B (−9‰ to +8‰) and radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr (0.7070 to 0.7120) isotopic fingerprints that are characteristic of coal ash at all but one site. Concentrations of CCR contaminants, including SO4, Ca, Mn, Fe, Se, As, Mo, and V above background levels, were also identified at all sites, but contamination levels above drinking water and ecological standards were observed in 10 out of 24 samples of impacted surface water. Out of 165 monitoring wells, 65 were impacted with high B levels and 49 had high CCR-contaminant levels. Distinct isotope fingerprints, combined with elevated levels of CCR tracers, provide strong evidence for the leaking of coal ash ponds to adjacent surface water and shallow groundwater. Given the large number of coal ash impoundments throughout the United States, the systematic evidence for leaking of coal ash ponds shown in this study highlights potential environmental risks from unlined coal ash ponds. Mar 27, 2023
  • Leaching studies of pulverised fuel ash from coal-based thermal power plant and its environmental impact (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Prabir K. Kolay Author Manian Rama URL https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJEE.2016.082323 Volume 8 Issue 2-3 Pages 200-212 Publication International Journal of Environmental Engineering ISSN 1756-8463 Date January 1, 2016 Extra Publisher: Inderscience Publishers DOI 10.1504/IJEE.2016.082323 Accessed 2022-01-24 17:11:41 Library Catalog inderscienceonline.com (Atypon) Abstract The major by-product of coal-fired thermal power plants is pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and the common method of disposal of PFA is wet disposal method. In this method, PFA and bottom ashes are mixed with water, which made them slurry, and are disposed in ash pond or lagoons. If the lagoons are not properly designed with liner or if there is spillage from the lagoons, the toxic heavy metals present in the PFA can contaminate soil or ground water. Hence, this study concentrates on the leaching of PFA sample collected from Malaysia. The leachability of PFA was investigated by column model with different liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio and pH values. It was found that the concentration of trace elements increases with the increase in acidity and decreases with higher L/S ratio. Also, some trace elements exceeded the standards set by The Ministry of Health Malaysia, hence are hazardous to the environment. Mar 27, 2023
  • Alternative storage of ashes to reduce the impacts to the environment (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Daniel Šlosár Author Matej Puzder Editor Vladimir Litvinenko Place Cham Publisher Springer International Publishing Pages 667-671 ISBN 978-3-319-40943-6 Date 2016 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40943-6_103 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract Presently, the power production by coal incineration connected with the production of huge amount of ashes as a by-product. The production of gashes is approximately 100 million tonnes a year integrating this product into the global problem. The ash is stored in selected spaces, on stacks, occupying valuable soil. Ash storing on the surface allow the maceration and windy erosion increasing the load even in vertical directions. Nowadays, the ash is started to use as an additional material for new products causing to recycle and to process of huge amount of waste. This does not cover the ash production and so it is necessary to create new deposits which might load the environment in the scope known until now. Proceedings Title XVIII International Coal Preparation Congress Mar 27, 2023
  • Beneficial Use Compendium Text and Appendix (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author U.S. Environmental Protection Agency URL https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-10/documents/beneficial_use_compendium_text_and_appendix_6-22-16.pdf Pages 138 Date 2016 Accessed 2022-01-13 19:32:31 Abstract A collection of resources and tools to support beneficial use evaluations Report Number EPA-530-R-16-009 Mar 27, 2023
  • Methodology For Evaluating Beneficial Use Of Secondary Materials (2016)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author U.S. Environmental Protection Agency URL https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-10/documents/methodology_for_evaluating_beneficial_use_of_secondary_materials_4-14-16.pdf Pages 15 Date 2016 Accessed 2022-01-13 19:31:48 Abstract Industrial non-hazardous secondary materials (“secondary materials”) are any materials that are not the primary products from manufacturing and other industrial sectors. Examples can include scrap and residuals from production processes and products that have been recovered at the end of their useful life. Virtually all industrial sectors generate some form of secondary material during the course of normal operations. Some of these secondary materials can be generated in large quantities. Report Number EPA-530-R-16-011 Mar 27, 2023
  • Coal bottom ash in field of civil engineering: A review of advanced applications and environmental considerations (2015)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author H. K. Kim Author H. K. Lee URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0282-7 Volume 19 Issue 6 Pages 1802-1818 Publication KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering ISSN 1976-3808 Date 2015-09-01 Journal Abbr KSCE J Civ Eng DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0282-7 Accessed 2022-01-24 17:37:51 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract The utilization of coal bottom ash in civil engineering is one of the most promising options to reduce, or possibly eliminate, the environmental and social problems related to the disposal of bottom ash. This study reviews the traditional and state-of-the-art utilization technologies of bottom ash in the field of civil engineering. It covers the production and characteristics of bottom ash, case studies of its conventional applications as a simple replacement of natural resources and advanced applications for special purposes, and environmental considerations for both raw bottom ash and its applications. This review is intended to stimulate and promote the effective recycling of coal bottom ash in the civil engineering field. Short Title Coal bottom ash in field of civil engineering Mar 27, 2023
  • Influence of Anthropogenic and Environmental Conditions on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution Originating from Coal Ash Dumps (2015)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Miodrag M. Pergal Author Živoslav Lj. Tešić Author Aleksandar R. Popović URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2319-4 Volume 226 Issue 3 Pages 35 Publication Water, Air, & Soil Pollution ISSN 1573-2932 Date 2015-02-22 Journal Abbr Water Air Soil Pollut DOI 10.1007/s11270-015-2319-4 Accessed 2022-01-31 17:49:41 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract Nikola Tesla B power plant (TENT-B), located on the Sava River in Obrenovac, 52 km west from the Serbian’s capital, Belgrade, is the second largest coal-fired power plant in the country, consisting of two blocks of 620 MW each. Samples of fresh coal ash obtained by coal combustion in TENT-B, as well as coal ash samples from the surface and 1-m depth of active, currently filled, and passive, previously filled and not currently used, cassettes, were taken from the coal ash dump. Ultrasonic extracts of the samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC/MSD) in order to identify and quantify 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two PAH extraction mechanisms during coal ash dumping and storage processes are discussed and significant differences between them were established. PAH concentrations in the ash samples were compared statistically. Correlations between samples and sampling points were established, and leaching potential of samples was examined. Concentrations of PAHs can be reduced in coal ash sediments by environmental influences only after long time periods, and PAHs with two six-membered rings pose danger to underground waters, while PAHs with three rings pose danger to soil sediments. Mar 27, 2023
  • Environmental Impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Coal Ash Spill. 2. Effect of Coal Ash on Methylmercury in Historically Contaminated River Sediments (2013)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Amrika Deonarine Author Gideon Bartov Author Thomas M. Johnson Author Laura Ruhl Author Avner Vengosh Author Heileen Hsu-Kim URL https://doi.org/10.1021/es303639d Volume 47 Issue 4 Pages 2100-2108 Publication Environmental Science & Technology ISSN 0013-936X Date 2013-02-19 Extra Publisher: American Chemical Society Journal Abbr Environ. Sci. Technol. DOI 10.1021/es303639d Accessed 2022-01-26 20:53:57 Library Catalog ACS Publications Abstract The Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston coal ash spill in December 2008 deposited approximately 4.1 million m3 of fly ash and bottom ash into the Emory and Clinch River system (Harriman, Tennessee, U.S.A.). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the ash on surface water and sediment quality over an eighteen month period after the spill, with a specific focus on mercury and methylmercury in sediments. Our results indicated that surface water quality was not impaired with respect to total mercury concentrations. However, in the sediments of the Emory River near the coal ash spill, total mercury concentrations were 3- to 4-times greater than sediments several miles upstream of the ash spill. Similarly, methylmercury content in the Emory and Clinch River sediments near the ash spill were slightly elevated (up to a factor of 3) at certain locations compared to upstream sediments. Up to 2% of the total mercury in sediments containing coal ash was present as methylmercury. Mercury isotope composition and sediment geochemical data suggested that elevated methylmercury concentrations occurred in regions where native sediments were mixed with coal ash (e.g., less than 28% as coal ash in the Emory River). This coal ash may have provided substrates (such as sulfate) that stimulated biomethylation of mercury. The production of methylmercury in these areas is a concern because this neurotoxic organomercury compound can be highly bioaccumulative. Future risk assessments of coal ash spills should consider not only the leaching potential of mercury from the wastes but also the potential for methylmercury production in receiving waters. Mar 27, 2023
  • Leaching behaviour of elements from coal combustion fly ash: An overview (2012)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Maria Izquierdo Author Xavier Querol URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516211002230 Series Minerals and Trace Elements in Coal Volume 94 Pages 54-66 Publication International Journal of Coal Geology ISSN 0166-5162 Date May 1, 2012 Journal Abbr International Journal of Coal Geology DOI 10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.006 Accessed 2022-01-31 18:45:58 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Coal-based power generation produces over 750Mt of coal ash per year globally, but under 50% of world production is utilised. Large amounts of fly ash are either stored temporarily in stockpiles, disposed of in ash landfills or lagooned. Coal ash is viewed as a major potential source of release of many environmentally sensitive elements to the environment. This paper encompasses over 90 publications on coal fly ash and demonstrates that a large number of elements are tightly bound to fly ash and may not be easily released to the environment, regardless of the nature of the ash. This review provides an extensive look at the extent to which major and trace elements are leached from coal fly ash. It also gives an insight into the factors underlying the leachability of elements and addresses the causes of the mobility. The mode of occurrence of a given element in the parent coal was found to play an important role in the leaching behaviour of fly ash. The amount of calcium in fly ash exerts a dominant influence on the pH of the ash–water system. The mobility of most elements contained in ash is markedly pH sensitive. The alkalinity of fly ash attenuates the release of a large number of elements of concern such as Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn or Zn among others, but at the same time, it enhances the release of oxyanionic species such as As, B, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se, V and W. The precipitation of secondary phases such as ettringite may capture and bind several pollutants such ash As, B, Cr, Sb, Se and V. Short Title Leaching behaviour of elements from coal combustion fly ash Mar 27, 2023
  • Disposal and Management of Flyash (2011)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author A. Dikshit URL https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Dikshit/publication/266040272_Disposal_and_Management_of_Flyash/links/55ebbb9f08ae65b6389ded83/Disposal-and-Management-of-Flyash.pdf Date 2011 Library Catalog ResearchGate Conference Name 2011 International Conference on Life Science and Technology Abstract In recent decades, the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world. Apart from the need for these phenomena, one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life. Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes. Therefore, the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists. Second related problem is the pressure on land, materials and resources to support the developmental activities, including infrastructure. The thermal power plants generate significantly large quantities of solid byproduct namely flyash. At present, the disposal of generated flyash is by either wet disposal or dry disposal. It is also extensively used for a variety of construction materials. However, there is a need to address the problems encountered during the disposal or reuse flyash in construction materials. An attempt has been made in this present paper to highlight on the pollution hazards due to the disposal of flyash into the environment and its utilization in civil engineering activities, their possible remedies and the research and development needed to address the above stated issues. The main topics covered in the present paper are flyash quantification and characterization in terms of physicochemical and mineralogical analysis and the classification of flyash; pollution problems due to flyash disposal systems, utilization of flyash in various construction activities and problems encountered during reuse and storage of flyash and its possible remedial measures. The scope of this paper is limited to flyash from thermal power plants. Bottom ash and slag as well as flyash generated from other industrial sources are beyond the scope of this paper. Mar 27, 2023
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  • Fly ash for sustainable construction: A review of fly ash concrete and its beneficial use case studiesThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Dheeresh Kumar Nayak Author P. P. Abhilash Author Rahul Singh Author Rajesh Kumar Author Veerendra Kumar URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397622001034 Volume 6 Pages 100143 Publication Cleaner Materials ISSN 2772-3976 Date 2022-12-01 Journal Abbr Cleaner Materials DOI 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100143 Accessed 2023-04-25 16:43:35 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Concrete has a tremendous influence on the environment since the majority of its composition is cement, which is a material that emits high levels of carbon dioxide. It is possible for concrete construction to have a lower impact on the environment if the usage of cement is reduced as much as possible by the addition of mineral admixtures such as fly ash, without sacrificing the durability standards at the same time. The disposal of fly ash, which is produced by power stations that burn coal for fuel, is recognised as one of the most pressing environmental issues. When there is a simultaneous increase in the amount of fly ash and a decline in the capacity of landfills, it is much more difficult to find a solution to this problem. The research on fly ash admixed concrete is analysed and discussed in this publication. There have been many studies conducted on the topic of fly ash concrete and its beneficial effects. In this study, the fresh and hardened properties of fly ash concrete, such as mechanical properties, durability parameters, and microstructural characteristics, are studied. Additionally, the useful application case studies of fly ash concrete published by the American Coal Ash Association are also summarised. Short Title Fly ash for sustainable construction Apr 25, 2023
  • Beneficial Use Case Study R. Paul Smith Power Station Ash Beneficiation (2020)This link opens in a new window Item Type Document URL https://acaa-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/case-studies/CS-R-Paulindd.pdf Publisher American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) Date 2020 Abstract In 2012, FirstEnergy closed down its R. Paul Smith Power Station, in Williamsport, Maryland, in lieu of retrofitting the plant to comply with Environmental Protection Agency regulations scheduled to take effect three years later. The coal-fueled plant, used only sparingly in its later years, had been disposing coal ash in surface impoundments and a landfill for several decades. Owing to demand from local cement manufacturers, in 2009 the plant’s owners, in partnership with the Maryland Environmental Restoration Group (MERG), began excavating the ash and selling it to cement producers as kiln feedstock. Mar 28, 2023
  • Santee Cooper’s Coal Ash Impoundment Closure Challenge: Risk Reduction through Recycling (2019)This link opens in a new window Item Type Book Section Author Jay Hudson Editor Jessica Fox Editor Morgan Scott URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95696-1_10 Place Cham Publisher Springer International Publishing Pages 189-202 ISBN 978-3-319-95696-1 Date 2019 Extra DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95696-1_10 Accessed 2023-03-28 17:33:02 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract After the Kingston ash spill in 2008, Santee Cooper, like many utilities, addressed closure of legacy coal ash impoundments. Grainger Station in Conway, South Carolina, was a 1960s vintage coal-fired facility with a legacy coal ash issue. Faced with mounting pressure to remove the ash from the impoundments, Santee Cooper developed an innovative solution to remove the ponded ash from the site and into recycling via cement manufacture. This solution involved engagement with both internal and external stakeholders while cleaning up groundwater, all completed at a similar cost to in situ closure. Book Title Sustainable Electricity II: A Conversation on Tradeoffs Short Title Santee Cooper’s Coal Ash Impoundment Closure Challenge Mar 28, 2023
  • Coal ash management beneficial use of fresh and legacy CCBs in Maryland (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Conference Paper Author Paul Petzrick Author Robin Lee Author Jason Litten Series 34th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Coal - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, PCC 2017 Volume 2017-September Place Pittsburgh, PA, United states Publisher International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Date 2017 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract Encouraged by Maryland's enlightened Pozzolan Act of 1974 Maryland utilities have become national leaders in the beneficial management of the coal combustion by-products (CCBs) also referred to as Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs). This Act required that pozzolan ash in particular be treated as a resource rather than as waste. Maryland's seven coal-fired power plants produce a full range of CCRs include: both alkaline and non-alkaline fly ash as well as bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization material. In addition to the fresh material produced each year, there is an enormous tonnage of legacy ash buried or stored across the State. This presentation is an update and progress report on the dynamic CCR activities in Maryland. These activities are greatly abetted by the presence of two ash beneficiation plants in Maryland and the existence of both a robust concrete ready-mix industry in the area as well as a significant cement manufacturing industry in the region. The result is 80 percent or higher utilization of our utilities' active production of CCR and an aggressive approach to mining legacy ash. A 1982 report catalogued legacy CCR sites across the State. This report is being updated to assess just how well stored ash in Maryland can support the above industries in the coming decades as active production of CCR in the State declines. At the same time, an industry venture starting in 2004 that now mines over 400,000 ton per year of legacy ash at the decommissioned R. Paul Smith Power Plant is being closely observed to identify the economic and environmental issues associated with the transport of the recovered material by truck from the landfill to users. 2017 34th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Coal - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, PCC 2017. All rights reserved. Proceedings Title 34th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference: Coal - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, PCC 2017, September 5, 2017 - September 8, 2017 Mar 27, 2023
  • Beneficial Reuse of Coal Ash from Dominion Energy Coal Ash Sites (2017)This link opens in a new window Item Type Report Author Dr. Kevin H. Gardner Author Scott Greenwood URL https://www.potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017.11.30-Beneficial-Reuse-of-Coal-Ash-from-Dominion-Energy-Coal-Ash-Sites.pdf Pages 27 Date 2017 Accessed 2022-01-27 18:27:37 Institution University of New Hampshire Abstract Dominion Energy Virginia stores approximately 30 million tons of waste coal ash in impoundments at four different sites in Virginia: the Possum Point Power Station (Dumfries, Va.); the Chesterfield Power Station (Chester, Va.); the Bremo Power Station (Bremo Bluff, Va.); and the Chesapeake Energy Center (Chesapeake, Va.). The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality has documented the presence of coal ash-associated contaminants in the groundwater at each of these sites. In 2017, the Virginia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 1398 instructing the utility to assess the feasibility of excavation and the beneficial reuse of legacy ash for use in concrete as a mechanism for closing the impoundments at each of the four sites. This report examines the technical feasibility and market conditions for recycling impounded coal ash for use in concrete in Virginia. Mar 27, 2023
  • The Morgantown star project: A fly ash beneficial reuse case study (2013)This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Brandie M. Sebastian Author Robin Lee Author Robert Sawyer Author Shawn Seaman Publication World of Coal Ash, 22/25 April 2013 Date 2013 Library Catalog Google Scholar Short Title The Morgantown star project Mar 27, 2023
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