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Cement & Carbonation

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  • A digital workflow for assessing lifespan, carbonation, and embodied carbon of reusing concrete in buildings [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Arlind Dervishaj Author Tove Malmqvist Author Johan Silfwerbrand Author Kjartan Gudmundsson URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710224021041 Volume 96 Pages 110536 Publication Journal of Building Engineering ISSN 2352-7102 Date 2024-11-01 Journal Abbr Journal of Building Engineering DOI 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110536 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:48:50 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Abstract Concrete is the most used construction material, accounting for 8 % of global CO2 emissions. Various strategies aim to reduce concrete's embodied carbon, such as using supplementary cementitious materials, utilizing cleaner energy, and carbonation. However, a large potential lies in reusing concrete for new buildings in a Circular Economy, thereby closing material loops and avoiding CO2 emissions. This study focuses on the reuse of precast concrete elements. We present a digital workflow for assessing reuse by predicting the remaining service life, estimating CO2 uptake by natural carbonation, and calculating the embodied carbon savings of concrete reuse. Both carbonation rates from EN 16757 and our investigation were applied to a case study building. While EN 16757 rates suggest that most precast elements have reached the end of their service life, our assessment shows that these elements have a sufficient lifespan for reuse. Plaster and coverings significantly delay carbonation and extend service life. During the first service life following EN 16757, carbonation was 19,2 kg CO2/m3, whereas our prediction was 5,4 kg CO2/m3. Moreover, CO2 uptake during service life, including reuse, was less than 6 % of the embodied carbon. The climate benefits of reuse greatly exceeded those of carbonation. Furthermore, carbonation did not have a decisive influence when applying Cut-Off, Distributed, and End-of-Life allocations for assessing embodied carbon of re-used elements in subsequent life cycles. The digital workflow is useful in quickly assessing lifespan, carbonation, and embodied carbon of concrete. It can be leveraged as a decision-making tool when designing for reuse. Sep 25, 2024
  • Sequestration of CO<sub>2</sub> by concrete and natural minerals - current status, future potential, and additional benefits [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Douglas A. Schaefer Author Heng Gui Author Jianchu Xu Author Douglas A. Schaefer Author Heng Gui Author Jianchu Xu URL https://www.maxapress.com/article/doi/10.48130/cas-0024-0007 Rights 2024 The Author(s) Volume 4 Issue 1 Publication Circular Agricultural Systems ISSN 2767-9608 Date 2024 March 27 Extra Bandiera_abtest: a Cc_license_type: cc_by Cg_type: Maximum Academic Press Number: cas-0024-0007 Primary_atype: Circular Agricultural Systems Publisher: Maximum Academic Press Subject_term: ARTICLE Subject_term_id: ARTICLE Journal Abbr C DOI 10.48130/cas-0024-0007 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:57:49 Library Catalog www.maxapress.com Language en Abstract &lt;p&gt;Concrete structures are some of the largest constructions in human civilization. Their manufacture releases CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into atmosphere, which is partially readsorbed by standing structures, and further release occurs when they are demolished. Concrete is chemically similar to basaltic minerals, both adsorb CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; where they are exposed on the earth's surface. Sequestration of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is beneficial to reduce atmospheric concentrations, and thus limit future temperature increases. Therefore, multiple options are being examined for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration. For the first time, we compare the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration capacity of these two materials. We review previous work quantifying CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration capacity of both materials and for the first time, compare their potential quantitative roles. Costs of that are compiled, to the extent they have been examined. Costly grinding of these materials to small particle sizes accelerates CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration, and mycorrhizae in agricultural soils might reduce the associated costs. Both these materials can improve nutrient status in agricultural soils, and limit acidification from external nitrogen fertilization. Limitations are discussed in terms of land-use and material availability, and soil pH conditions. We call for further experiments with these materials that compare CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration and other biogeochemical processes in agricultural systems across climates, carried out especially where such materials are conveniently available.&lt;/p&gt; Sep 25, 2024
  • Carbon Dioxide Uptake Estimation for Spanish Cement-Based Materials [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Natalia Sanjuán Author Pedro Mora Author Miguel Ángel Sanjuán Author Aniceto Zaragoza URL https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/2/326 Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages 326 Publication Materials ISSN 1996-1944 Date 2024/1 Extra Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DOI 10.3390/ma17020326 Accessed 2024-10-04 18:06:23 Library Catalog www.mdpi.com Language en Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, has recently recognized the natural carbonation process as a way of carbon offsetting with mortar and concrete. Accordingly, this activity could be recognized as a carbon removal process for which certification should be granted. The aim of the certification of carbon removal is to promote the development of adequate and efficient new carbon removal processes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to provide reliable results on carbon dioxide uptake by cement-based materials in Spain. Yearly, greenhouse gas emissions are reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by each country, and the natural carbonation should be added up to the carbon accounting. Therefore, natural carbonation should be included in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and such accounting information should be made available promptly to the national regulatory authorities. This paper provides the results of carbon dioxide uptake by Spanish cement-based materials from 1990 to 2020 by using an easy method of estimating the net carbon dioxide emissions (simplified method) considering the carbon dioxide released by the calcination during clinker production (process emissions). The outcome of this study reveals that there was 93,556,000 tons of carbon dioxide uptake by the mortar and concrete manufactured in Spain from 1990 to 2020. Oct 4, 2024
  • A CO2 removal technology based on mineral carbonation and the stability of product carbon storage in a cement matrix [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Hsing-Jung Ho Author Yoshito Izumi Author Atsushi Iizuka Volume 34 Publication Environmental Technology and Innovation ISSN 23521864 Date 2024 Extra Publisher: Elsevier B.V. Journal Abbr Environmental Technology and Innovation DOI 10.1016/j.eti.2024.103623 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract Toward a decarbonized society, the cement industry is continuously striving to enforce energy conservation technologies and develop low-carbon cement. The use of mineral carbonation in the cement and concrete sector and the associated value chain are central in the carbon recycling system, and the importance of CO2 removal technologies has been recognized. This paper proposes a mineral direct air carbon capture and storage in product technology newly designed by a mineral carbon capture reactor through direct feeding of atmospheric CO2. Additionally, a novel concrete mix for use as CO2-storing (CDS) concrete is proposed. This mix contains recarbonates generated using treated water with high Ca content at a ready-mixed concrete plant. The CDS concrete, with a recarbonate content in the range of 2–10% of cement, exhibited very similar initial and mechanical properties compared with ordinary concrete. The CO2 release from the recarbonate in a cement matrix under acidic corrosion and the thermal decomposition were assessed, and the findings are discussed. © 2024 The Authors Sep 25, 2024
  • Advancing waste-based construction materials through carbon dioxide curing: A comprehensive review [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Marsail Al Salaheen Author Wesam Salah Alaloul Author Khalid Mhmoud Alzubi Author Ahmad bahaa Aldin Malkawi Author Muhammad Ali Musarat URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123023007181 Volume 20 Pages 101591 Publication Results in Engineering ISSN 2590-1230 Date 2023-12-01 Journal Abbr Results in Engineering DOI 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101591 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:08:01 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Abstract With an emphasis on solid waste-based construction materials, this study seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of current advancements in CO2 curing processes for building materials. 715 publications were extracted from the Web of Science and Scopus databases and reviewed following the systematic review guidelines integrated with the bibliometric analysis approach. The recent operational and environmental benefits of CO2 curing to obtain the characteristics of optimal materials were discussed. The findings demonstrated that early-age curing densifies the microstructure of waste-based construction materials, lowering porosity and enhancing mechanical properties, impermeability, and durability. Additionally, carbonation has the potential to enhance the performance of ash-based concretes as well as the microstructure and physical characteristics of recycled aggregates, hence promoting waste reutilization in the construction sector. Also, the conducted studies revealed that pre- and post-curing conditions are as critical as the CO2 chamber configuration. Moreover, exposure time, CO2 pressure and concentration, all directly influenced construction material characteristics and CO2 sequestration. More investigations related to improving the long-term characteristics of solid waste-based products with CO2 curing are still required as well as methods for increasing the carbonation rate. Short Title Advancing waste-based construction materials through carbon dioxide curing Sep 25, 2024
  • Influential factors on concrete carbonation: a reviewThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Amir Karimi Author Mohammad Ghanooni-Bagha Author Ehsan Ramezani Author Ali Akbar Shirzadi Javid Author Masoud Zabihi Samani URL https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/jmacr.22.00252 Volume 75 Issue 23 Pages 1212-1242 Publication Magazine of Concrete Research ISSN 0024-9831 Date 2023-12 Extra Publisher: ICE Publishing DOI 10.1680/jmacr.22.00252 Accessed 2024-09-25 19:02:14 Library Catalog icevirtuallibrary.com (Atypon) Abstract After water, concrete is the most widely used substance on the planet. Carbonation of cementitious materials is an inevitable process through which concrete compositions react with carbon dioxide. Carbonation leads to rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, reducing structures’ longevity. This process increases cement production, for repair and replacement, which brings about more carbon dioxide emission. Conversely, plain concrete could be one of the materials with the most potential in terms of carbon dioxide storage. Therefore, an understanding of concrete carbonation and the influential parameters on its carbonation is significant. Identifying the effective parameters helps engineers increase RC structures’ carbonation resistance and increase plain concrete capacity as a carbon dioxide capture source, which could be both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarise present-day knowledge considering cementitious materials’ carbonation and point out the areas that need more research to be conducted. Influential factors have been categorised comprehensively. Affecting factors have been explained. Environmental conditions, concrete characteristics and construction operation effects have been reviewed. Furthermore, mathematical models for concrete carbonation proposed by different researchers have been examined to investigate influential parameters in the models and their precision in prediction. Short Title Influential factors on concrete carbonation Sep 25, 2024
  • Global carbon uptake of cement carbonation accounts 1930–2021This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Zi Huang Author Jiaoyue Wang Author Longfei Bing Author Yijiao Qiu Author Rui Guo Author Ying Yu Author Mingjing Ma Author Le Niu Author Dan Tong Author Robbie M. Andrew Author Pierre Friedlingstein Author Josep G. Canadell Author Fengming Xi Author Zhu Liu URL https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/4947/2023/ Volume 15 Issue 11 Pages 4947-4958 Publication Earth System Science Data ISSN 1866-3508 Date 2023-11-07 Extra Publisher: Copernicus GmbH DOI 10.5194/essd-15-4947-2023 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:13:16 Library Catalog Copernicus Online Journals Language English Abstract The main contributor to the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of the cement industry is the decomposition of alkaline carbonates during clinker production. However, systematic accounts for the reverse of this process – namely carbonation of calcium oxide and other alkaline oxides and/or hydroxides within cement materials during cements' life cycles – have only recently been undertaken. Here, adopting a comprehensive analytical model, we provide the most updated estimates of CO2 uptake by cement carbonation. The accumulated amount of global CO2 uptake by cements produced from 1930 to 2021 is estimated to be 22.9 Gt CO2 (95 % confidence interval, CI: 19.6–26.6 Gt CO2). This amount includes the CO2 uptake by concrete, mortar, construction waste and kiln dust, accounting for 30.1 %, 58.5 %, 4.0 % and 7.1 % respectively. The cumulative carbon uptake by cement materials from 1930 to 2021 offsets 55.1 % of the emissions from cement production (41.6 Gt CO2, 95 % CI: 38.7–47.2 Gt CO2) over the same period, with the greater part coming from mortar (58.5 % of the total uptake). China has the highest cement carbon uptake, with cumulative carbonation of 7.06 Gt CO2 (95 % CI: 5.22–9.44 Gt CO2) since 1930. In addition, the carbon uptake amounts of the USA, EU, India and the rest of the world took 5.0 %, 23.2 %, 5.6 % and 34.8 % separately. As a result of rapidly increased production in recent years, over three-quarters of the cement carbon uptake has occurred since 1990. Additionally, our results show little impact by the COVID-19 pandemic on cement production and use, with carbon uptake reaching about 0.92 Gt CO2 (95 % CI: 0.78–1.10 Gt CO2) in 2020 and 0.96 Gt CO2 (95 % CI: 0.81–1.15 Gt CO2) in 2021. Our uniformly formatted and most updated cement uptake inventories provide coherent data-based support for including cement carbon uptake into future carbon budgets from the local to global scale. The latest version contains the uptake data till 2021, showing the global uptake's increasing pattern and offering more usable and relevant data for evaluating cement's carbon uptake capacity. All the data described in this study are accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7516373 (Bing et al., 2023). Sep 25, 2024
  • Study on ancient green materials and technology used in Udaipur palace, India: an input to abate climate changes in modern constructionThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Shoib Wani Author Thirumalini Selvaraj Author Paulina Faria Author Ashna Mehra Author Rahul Shukla URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28785-2 Volume 30 Issue 41 Pages 93952-93969 Publication Environmental Science and Pollution Research ISSN 1614-7499 Date 2023-09-01 Journal Abbr Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-023-28785-2 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:20:15 Library Catalog Springer Link Language en Abstract The characteristics and potential for carbon dioxide capture and storage of the fifteenth-century lime mortar samples from City Palace, Udaipur, India, were studied. Physiochemical analysis followed by XRD, FTIR, TGA-DSC, and FE-SEM was performed. The findings demonstrate that calcium-rich eminently hydraulic mortars were used with a binder/aggregate (B/Ag) ratio of about 1:2.8±0.42. Mineralogy identified load-bearing phases: aragonite, vaterite, and calcite with 45±5% clay minerals. Absorption and stretching bands detected by FTIR at 1631 cm−1 and 2954 cm−1 corroborate the inclusion of plant organics. All samples showed aragonite around 870 cm−1, which can be traced back to bonded CO2 and the subsequent carbonation throughout the age of the structure. TGA-DSC validated XRD and FE-SEM analysis exhibited 18.66±3.40% weight loss at &gt;600 °C, indicating calcite decomposition and CO2 release with CO2/H2O ratio of 3.31 to 3.66. From the historic example, a debate has been sparked about using lime mortars in contemporary construction to mitigate the carbon footprint with inherent attributes. Short Title Study on ancient green materials and technology used in Udaipur palace, India Sep 25, 2024
  • Mortars with recycled aggregate of construction and demolition waste: Mechanical properties and carbon uptakeThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Pietra Moraes Borges Author Jéssica Zamboni Schiavon Author Sérgio Roberto da Silva Author Eduardo Rigo Author Alex Neves Junior Author Edna Possan Author Jairo José de Oliveira Andrade URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823013132 Volume 387 Pages 131600 Publication Construction and Building Materials ISSN 0950-0618 Date 2023-07-17 Journal Abbr Construction and Building Materials DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131600 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:14:21 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Abstract Over the past few years, the use of recycled aggregate (RA) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) has proved to be a promising alternative for increasing the concept of a circular economy within the construction industry. RA contributes to an adequate destination for these wastes besides minimizing the use of natural aggregates (NA). Carbonation also has proved to be a promising alternative to carbon capture, use, and storage. This work aims to evaluate the substitution influence of NA for RA in replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% with three different particle size distributions to evaluate the particle size influence. Compressive and tensile strength in bending, porosity, absorption, and bulk density were performed to evaluate physical–mechanical properties. The accelerated carbonation test and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out to evaluate the carbon uptake. X-ray microtomography test was carried out in addition to XRD analysis to assess the influence on microstructural properties. The particle size distribution interferes with the results, where washing the aggregate does not significantly improve the investigated properties. The mortar with the optimized properties contained particles between 2.4 mm and 0.15 mm (G2.4). The less emissive mortar was G2.4_100, which reabsorbs 63% of all the carbon dioxide released in production. The mortars with 100% replacement have a less emissive balance, and the replacement level increases the amount of CO2 captured. Cement-based mortars produced with RA can be an alternative for carbon capture due to mineralization from carbonation, promoting the circular economy using RA from CDW. Short Title Mortars with recycled aggregate of construction and demolition waste Sep 25, 2024
  • Influence of CO2 enhancement of recycled aggregate on microstructure of ITZs in recycled concreteThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Jian Liu Author Kunlin Ma Author Jingtao Shen Author Youjun Xie Author Guangcheng Long URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710222018113 Volume 65 Pages 105805 Publication Journal of Building Engineering ISSN 2352-7102 Date 2023-04-15 Journal Abbr Journal of Building Engineering DOI 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105805 Accessed 2023-01-27 21:00:00 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Carbonation is one of the important methods of enhancement of recycled aggregate (RA). In order to study the strengthening effect of carbonation on RA, the influence of carbonation time, soaking respectively in CaCl2 and CH saturated solution and then carbonation of RA on the microhardness, width, and micromorphology in three types of interfacial transition zones (ITZ) in recycled concrete (RC), including the old aggregate-new paste ITZ (ITZ1), old aggregate-old paste ITZ (ITZ2), and new paste-old paste ITZ (ITZ3), were investigated by microhardness testing and backscattered image analysis. Results showed that the carbonation of RA had different strengthening effects on these ITZs. Compared with the ITZ0 between natural aggregate and new paste in normal concrete (NC), the microhardness of ITZ1 in RC decreased and the width of ITZ1 increased significantly because the surface of old aggregate was still covered with a thin paste. The increase of carbonation time of RA did not take significant effect on the microhardness and width of ITZ1, indicating that the carbonation of RA could not effectively strengthen ITZ1. The carbonation of RA developed the microhardness of ITZ2 and ITZ3, reducing the width of ITZ2 and ITZ3. In particular, the effect of the carbonation enhancement of RA on ITZ3 was significant. The microhardness average values of ITZ2 and ITZ3 increased by 51.2% and 54.5%, and the widths of ITZ2 and ITZ3 decreased by 23.1% and 36.4% when the RA was carbonized for 7 days. After RA was respectively soaked in CH and CaCl2 saturated solution and then carbonated, the microhardness average values of ITZ2 increased by 14.5% and 7.6%, while the width decreased by 18.2% and 9.1%. In addition, the microhardness average values of ITZ3 increased by 16.3% and 9.9%, and the width of ITZ3 decreased by 12.5%. The ITZ2 and ITZ3 in RC were well enhanced by soaking in CH saturated solution pretreatment of RA, owning to the supplement of Ca2+ source. Jan 27, 2023
  • Carbonation depth model for loaded reinforced concrete (RC) beams under time-dependent relative humidity conditionsThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Mingwei Liu Author Xueli Ju Author Linjian Wu Author Qing Guo Author Haicui Wang Author Wenxiao Zhang URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710222016242 Volume 65 Pages 105618 Publication Journal of Building Engineering ISSN 2352-7102 Date 2023-04-15 Journal Abbr Journal of Building Engineering DOI 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105618 Accessed 2023-01-05 21:22:25 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Steel bar corrosion caused by concrete carbonation is one of the important factors of the durability failure of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The annual relative humidity (RH) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River shows obvious time-dependent characteristics. The important wharf components represented by RC beams bear flexural loads during their long-term service. The carbonation of RC structures under the coupling of the service environment and flexural load is very complicated. However, corresponding studies on the carbonation of loaded RC structures are mostly carried out in a constant RH environment, which is quite different from the time-dependent RH (T-RH) conditions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. For this study, the RC beam of a wharf in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is treated as the research object. According to the long-term observation data of the 24-year daily mean RH at this wharf site, the periodic (time-dependent) characteristics of RH in a typical year are obtained by statistical analysis. On this basis, a physical experiment for RC beam specimens subjected to flexural loads under an accelerated carbonation environment with T-RH is carried out to explore the influence of the coupling effect of the T-RH and flexural load on the concrete carbonation behaviour. The results showed that the range of RH is basically distributed from 45 to 95%, and the monthly mean RH over a typical year shows a 'W'-shaped periodic characteristic. The compressive strength and concrete carbonation depth under the T-RH environment are larger than those under the C-RH carbonation environment; hence, the carbonation degree of concrete under a T-RH environment is more serious. When the flexural load level is less than 1.0, the flexural tensile stress can accelerate the carbonation degree of RC specimens, and the carbonation depth of concrete is positively correlated with the flexural load level. When the flexural load does not reach the concrete compressive strength, the flexural compressive stress can inhibit concrete carbonation. Based on the experimental measurements, the carbonation depth model for loaded RC beams under the T-RH is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified by the original test data collected during 27 years of the natural carbonation of RC beams. Through the studies and achievements presented in this paper, the carbonation trends of loaded RC beams under T-RH are revealed, and the corresponding mathematical model is established, which can be used to evaluate the carbonation depth of loaded RC beams considering T-RH in general atmospheric environments. The research results can provide a basis for RC structure durability evaluation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and have important guiding significance for practical engineering. Jan 5, 2023
  • Carbon sequestration and storage in concrete: A state-of-the-art review of compositions, methods, and developments [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Maziar Kazemian Author Behrouz Shafei URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982023000549 Volume 70 Pages 102443 Publication Journal of CO2 Utilization ISSN 2212-9820 Date 2023-04-01 Journal Abbr Journal of CO2 Utilization DOI 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102443 Accessed 2023-06-13 21:44:17 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract Given the widespread use of concrete as the construction material of choice, achieving sustainable development goals in the civil infrastructure sector directly relies on reducing the concrete’s carbon footprint. For this purpose, a variety of innovative carbon sequestration and storage solutions have been introduced to date. This study focuses on the potential of such solutions individually and in comparison to each other. To offer a holistic perspective, the carbon sequestration strategies in concrete have been first reviewed, followed by investigating the effects of carbonation curing parameters. The carbon uptake potential of various binder compositions has then been explored, ranging from portland cement to pozzolanic binders, as well as non-cementitious binders. To further understand the carbon sequestration capability of concrete, carbon capture strategies that utilize concrete aggregates have been studied. Based on the collected results and findings, a synthesis of the available information has been performed and presented. The outcome of this comprehensive study provides original insights into the latest materials and methods developed for carbon sequestration and storage in concrete. Such insights are critical to guide future research and development required to achieve net-zero concrete structures, meeting sustainable development goals. Short Title Carbon sequestration and storage in concrete Jun 15, 2023
  • Embedded-type optical sensors for <i>in situ</i> monitoring of carbonation of cementitious materialsThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Kwanyoung Ko Author Jena Jeong Author Haegeun Chung URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823003574 Volume 371 Pages 130646 Publication Construction and Building Materials ISSN 0950-0618 Date 2023-03-31 Journal Abbr Construction and Building Materials DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130646 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:53:05 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Abstract CO2 sequestration through the carbonation of cementitious materials has drawn the interest of researchers as a strategy for mitigating climate change. Accordingly, methods for monitoring the carbonation state of cement were developed to determine the capacity of cementitious materials to capture CO2. However, current monitoring approaches require destructive sampling, limiting their practical application in the field. Therefore, we developed embedded-type optical sensors for non-destructive in situ monitoring of carbonation of cementitious materials. The sensor consists of a dialysis membrane, a pH indicator, optical fibers, and an acrylic reactor, and this can be embedded to cementitious materials. Carbonation monitoring experiments and numerical modeling were conducted to investigate the performance of developed sensor for monitoring the carbonation of cementitious materials. A significant linear relationship was found between the color change of the pH indicator, pH of the detection solution, and the concentration of CaCO3 that has precipitated as a result of CO2 sequestration by cement samples (R2 = 0.90, P &lt; 0.05). These results show that our developed sensor efficiently monitored the carbonation of cementitious materials. Our developed sensor may serve as an important tool in monitoring the carbonation of built structures employing cementitious materials. Sep 25, 2024
  • Control of carbonation mechanism in Portland cement paste using synthetic carbon-capture aluminosilicatesThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Pooja Anil Kumar Nair Author Kevin Paine Author Juliana Calabria-Holley URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982023000021 Volume 69 Pages 102391 Publication Journal of CO2 Utilization ISSN 2212-9820 Date 2023-03-01 Journal Abbr Journal of CO2 Utilization DOI 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102391 Accessed 2023-02-10 19:20:49 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract In this research, synthetic aluminosilicate nanoparticles in the form of engineered synthetic aluminosilicates (ESA) were added to a cement paste to create a more controlled environment for carbonation and subsequent hydration reactions. To date, early-age CO2 curing of Portland cement pastes has been shown to reduce the later-age performance due to the decalcification of hydration products and starvation of water by early-age carbonation. However, in this study, it was demonstrated that it is possible to control the carbonation and subsequent hydration reactions through the addition of ESA. Two types of synthetic aluminosilicates were synthesised using organosilanes, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and functionalised organosilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The two aluminosilicates behaved slightly differently, confirming the possibility of altering the carbonation and subsequent hydration reactions. The research demonstrates that tailored nanoparticles enhance carbonate formation by preventing decalcification of the hydration product. The ESA took part in pozzolanic reactions which resulted in no starvation of water on carbonation and led to improved performance at a later age when compared to the samples without ESA. Furthermore, decalcification of portlandite was not observed on the addition of ESA. The carbonation reaction mechanisms on the addition of these ESAs were postulated, and the possibility of increase in carbon uptake without affecting the mechanical performance at later ages were shown. Feb 10, 2023
  • Reducing embodied carbon in concrete materials: A state-of-the-art reviewThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Siwei Chen Author Yue Teng Author Yang Zhang Author Christopher K. Y. Leung Author Wei Pan URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344922004864 Volume 188 Pages 106653 Publication Resources, Conservation and Recycling ISSN 0921-3449 Date 2023-01-01 Journal Abbr Resources, Conservation and Recycling DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106653 Accessed 2022-10-20 20:01:21 Library Catalog ScienceDirect Language en Abstract The construction sector is responsible for about 40% of energy-related emissions worldwide. Utilizing low-carbon concrete materials (LCCMs) has been recognized as an efficient way to reduce embodied carbon (EC). However, there is a lack of systematic understanding and a unified comparison of the LCCMs’ EC reduction potentials. This paper identifies publications related to LCCMs and conducts a content analysis in three dialectical dimensions. Identified LCCMs were categorized into four divisions. The results show that the most prospective LCCMs are low-carbon cementitious binders, achieving 52.6% EC reductions. The results also demonstrate the significance of comparing the EC reduction potentials of different LCCMs at a unified level, as up to 11% inconsistency was identified when switching between cement &amp; concrete level and components &amp; building level. It provides a theoretical foundation for researchers and practitioners to examine possible LCCMs. The findings reveal new directions for achieving a more reliable cross-case comparison among the EC reduction potentials of different LCCMs. Short Title Reducing embodied carbon in concrete materials Oct 20, 2022
  • Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Brazilian Cement-Based Materials [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Joao Henrique da Silva Rego Author Miguel Ángel Sanjuán Author Pedro Mora Author Aniceto Zaragoza Author Gonzalo Visedo URL https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10386 Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Volume 13 Issue 18 Pages 10386 Publication Applied Sciences ISSN 2076-3417 Date 2023/1 Extra Number: 18 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DOI 10.3390/app131810386 Accessed 2024-10-04 18:05:19 Library Catalog www.mdpi.com Language en Abstract The worldwide cement industry plays an important role in addressing the climate change challenge. Brazil’s cement industry currently has 91 cement plants with an installed production capacity of 94 million tons per year and has started to calculate the net CO2 emissions to achieve a carbon-neutral cement sector by 2050. Accordingly, the carbon dioxide uptake due to mortar and concrete carbonation is subtracted from the carbon dioxide emitted by the chemical reaction for the calcination of lime, i.e., the calcination process performed during clinker production. Now-adays, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories to report the GHG emissions do not include any calculation procedure to consider the mortar and concrete carbonation. However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) recognizes the physico-chemical process known as carbonation. Brazilian net carbon dioxide emissions of cements produced from 1990 to 2019 are estimated considering the carbon dioxide uptake during the service-life and end-of-life and secondary usage stages (Tier 1). This is a fundamental scientific and technological novelty that changes the current approach to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions due to the Portland cement clinker production. Even considering the relative novelty of this approach, it should be promoted in the future and included in the national inventory report (NIR). The carbon dioxide uptake by mortar and concrete carbonation for 30 years is about 140 million tons. Within this thirty-year period about 483 million tons have been released due to the calcination process. Oct 4, 2024
  • Experimental Methods to Evaluate the Carbonation Degree in Concrete—State of the Art Review [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Huyen Bui Author Francois Delattre Author Daniel Levacher URL https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/4/2533 Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Volume 13 Issue 4 Pages 2533 Publication Applied Sciences ISSN 2076-3417 Date 2023/1 Extra Number: 4 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DOI 10.3390/app13042533 Accessed 2024-09-25 18:06:25 Library Catalog www.mdpi.com Language en Abstract The carbonation action in concrete, in which carbonation reactions transform calcium hydroxide into calcium carbonate, is considered as a multi-phase physico-chemical process. Generally, carbonation in the cementitious composites has negative effects on the protection of reinforced bars due to the accelerated corrosion problem. The investigation of the carbonation degree is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the carbonation influence on the reinforced cementitious composites. In the present paper, experimental techniques to measure the carbonation degree in concrete are reviewed, including both qualitative and quantitative methods. It should be noted that, while qualitative technique focuses on the alterations in the concrete pore solution alkalinity which reflects the carbonation depth through the pH indicator, most quantitative methods could provide accurate determination of the CO2 penetration capacity during the carbonation process. The method used, for the practical phase, depends on the purpose of the carbonation degree measurement. Sep 25, 2024
  • Effect of the Concrete Slurry Waste Ratio on Supercritical CO2 SequestrationThis link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Sang-Rak Sim Author Dong-Woo Ryu URL https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/742 Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages 742 Publication Materials ISSN 1996-1944 Date 2023/1 Extra Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DOI 10.3390/ma16020742 Accessed 2023-02-10 19:22:08 Library Catalog www.mdpi.com Language en Abstract To prevent drastic climate changes due to global warming, it is necessary to transition to a carbon-neutral society by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in all industrial sectors. This study aimed to develop carbon utilization sequestration technology that uses the concrete slurry water generated during the production of concrete as a new CO2 sink to reduce CO2 emissions from the cement industry. This was achieved by performing supercritical CO2 carbonation by varying the concrete slurry waste (CSW) ratio. The study’s results confirmed that, according to the CSW ratio (5 to 25%), complete carbonation occurred within only 10 min of the reaction at 40 °C and 100 bar. Feb 10, 2023
  • Carbon Sequestration via Concrete Weathering in Soil [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Thesis Author Brittany Multer URL http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1681120564894507 Date 2023 Accessed 2024-09-25 19:07:11 Library Catalog etd.ohiolink.edu Language en University The Ohio State University Abstract Since the beginning of time Earth’s carbon cycle has self-regulated, experiencing periods of warming and cooling with changing amounts of carbon in the atmosphere. Today, human activity is rapidly changing the climate through the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere like carbon dioxide (CO2). To prevent disastrous outcomes caused by climate change, it is vital to halt greenhouse gas emissions, however, this is only one part of the solution. To keep global temperatures from increasing more than 2° C, CO2 removal must also be an integral part of the solution. The objectives of this research were to conduct a laboratory experiment and investigate the carbonation of concrete within soil as a viable option to sequester atmospheric carbon, analyze how concrete carbonation changes with fragment size, and understand the environmental impacts of adding concrete to soil. Soil samples from Waterman Agricultural and Natural Resources Center were collected and placed into 30 cm columns with different mixtures of crushed recycled concrete to test concrete in soil as an enhanced weathering material. Four different treatments were tested and were comprised of 1) 100% soil (S samples), 2) 90% soil and 10% concrete by weight of 0.25-0.71 mm diameter fragments (F samples), 3) 90% soil and 10% concrete by weight of 8 mm diameter fragments (L samples), and 4) 100% concrete composed of 8 mm diameter fragments (C samples). Four replications of each treatment were tested for a total of 16 samples. Approximately 40 cm3 of deionized water was added to each sample every day from a drip irrigation system for a total amount of 940-990 mm yr-1 throughout the experiment to simulate the amount of precipitation received by Columbus, OH in one year, with leachate continuously collected underneath the columns. After 16 weeks, the soil and concrete mixtures were removed from the columns and tests were conducted on the soil and leachate samples. The results from this study show that concrete in soil has potential as an enhanced weathering material to sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Significant differences between the C samples and the L and F samples showed that soil facilitates faster concrete weathering rates, and significant differences between the L and F samples showed that the smaller concrete fragments weather faster than larger concrete fragments. This study found that putting 120-150 g of concrete in soil sequestered 0.15-1.8 g of CO2. Modeling the data, it is predicted that for every 1 m2 surface area of concrete added to soil, 2.1 g of atmospheric carbon is sequestered annually. Adding concrete to soil was found to impact soil and water quality. The pH of the L and F leachate samples was not significantly different from S leachate samples, but the soil pH of the F samples was significantly different from the L and S samples. This could make concrete a useful lime substitute or a solution to ocean acidification. Sodium was quickly weathered from concrete both in the presence and absence of soil. Because of the dual release of calcium, soil SAR was not significantly different in the L and F samples compared to the S samples, and concrete could be used as a tool to amend sodic soils. Aggregate stability was not found to be impacted by the addition of concrete. The microbial community was affected by the presence of concrete, with the fungi, protozoa, and bacteria communities all significantly smaller in the F samples. However, these communities were not impacted in the L samples, proving that concrete can be added to soil without harming microbes. Increased nitrate levels were found in the L and F samples. This increase in leachate nitrate could cause harm to nature and humans by aiding the growth of harmful algal blooms and impacting ground water used as drinking water. Sep 25, 2024
  • Durability of bond of EBR CFRP laminates to concrete under real-time field exposure and laboratory accelerated ageing [Open Access]This link opens in a new window Item Type Journal Article Author Ricardo Cruz Author Luis Correia Author Susana Cabral-Fonseca Author Jose Sena-Cruz Volume 377 Publication Construction and Building Materials ISSN 09500618 Date 2023 Extra Publisher: Elsevier Ltd Journal Abbr Construction and Building Materials DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131047 Library Catalog Engineering Village Abstract The durability of bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates and concrete with the externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) technique was investigated under real-time field exposure (RTFE) and accelerated ageing. The experimental program, over two years, includes four outdoor environments inducing carbonation, freeze–thaw attack, extreme temperatures, and airborne chlorides from the ocean. A laboratory environment (20 °C/55% RH) was used as reference environment. Additionally, a water-immersion environment (20 °C) was also considered. Relatively low values of bond degradation were observed, where the maximum pullout force varied between −4 % and +16 % under RTFE, while on water–immersed specimens, the maximum pullout force decreased by ∼8 %. © 2023 The Author(s) Sep 26, 2024
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